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arXiv:nucl-th/0108073 · Physica Scripta

Generalized Ladder Operators for Shape-invariant Potentials

Elso Drigo Filho, M A Cândido Ribeiro

Published Jan 1, 2001• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A general form for ladder operators is used to construct a method to solve bound-state Schrödinger equations. The characteristics of supersymmetry and shape invariance of the system are the start point of the approach. To show the elegance and the utility of the method we use it to obtain energy spectra and eigenfunctions for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator and Morse potentials and for the radial harmonic oscillator and Coulomb potentials.

DOI
10.1238/physica.regular.064a00548

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A general form for ladder operators is used to construct a method to solve bound-state Schrödinger equations. The characteristics of supersymmetry and shape invariance of the system are the start point of the approach. To show the elegance and the utility of the method we use it to obtain energy spectra and eigenfunctions for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator and Morse potentials and for the radial harmonic oscillator and Coulomb potentials.
The Morse oscillator, radial Coulomb and radial harmonic oscillator problems can be solved exactly using a variety of algebraic methods. These problems correspond to different realizations of the so(2,1) algebra and a comparison of the generators of the algebra may be used to identify mappings between each pair of systems. The resultant transition operators act as ladder, or energy changing, operators in the cases of the Coulomb and harmonic oscillator potentials, whereas they act as shift operators, acting at constant energy, in the case of the Morse potential. This is a consequence of the so(2,1) dynamical symmetry, whereby the Morse Hamiltonian is expressible solely in terms of the Casimir operator of the algebra. An alternative algebraic approach, the use of the method of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, or factorization, produces in each case a set of shift operators. Relations between the various ladder and shift operators may be identified by means of the appropriate mappings, and these results can be generalized so as to relate the one dimensional Morse oscillator to the radial Coulomb and radial harmonic oscillator potentials involving an arbitrary number of angular dimensions.
Abstract We consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the harmonic oscillator potential and determine its bound states and energy levels in one spatial dimension using two approaches: the algebraic and the analytic method. Using the former, we introduce ladder operators: the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation-number operator, and determine the ground state of the harmonic oscillator to be a Gaussian wave packet, while the latter method yields the general bound state solutions in terms of the Hermite polynomials. We further discuss the zero-point energy and uncertainty relation for the quantum harmonic oscillator and make a comparison to the classical harmonic oscillator. Finally, we examine the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which leads us to the description of systems with multiple degrees of freedom via the tensor product