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Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física

Ladder Operators for the Spherical 3D Harmonic Oscillator

João Marcos Costa Monteiro, Elso Drigo Filho

Published Dec 21, 2020• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The Schrödinger equation for an isotropic three-dimensional harmonic oscillator is solved using ladder operators. The starting point is the shape invariance condition, obtained from supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Generalized ladder operators can be constructed for the three spherical spatial coordinates. Special emphasis is given to the adaptation made to each of these coordinates. The approach used is general and is indicated as an alternative method to solve the Schrödinger equation.

DOI
10.1590/1806-9126-rbef-2020-0393

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The Schrödinger equation for an isotropic three-dimensional harmonic oscillator is solved using ladder operators. The starting point is the shape invariance condition, obtained from supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Generalized ladder operators can be constructed for the three spherical spatial coordinates. Special emphasis is given to the adaptation made to each of these coordinates. The approach used is general and is indicated as an alternative method to solve the Schrödinger equation.
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In this paper, we solve the rigorous solutions of the stationary Schrödinger equations for the harmonic oscillator within the framework of the quantum phase-space representation established by Torres-Vega and Frederick. We obtain the phase-space eigenfunctions of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator in rectangular and spherical coordinate systems, and discuss the relationship between the eigenfunctions of the two coordinate systems. We also extend the "Fourier-like" projection transformations of the phase-space wave function to three-dimensional systems, and obtain the eigenfunctions in position and momentum representation through the transformations of the eigenfunction in the phase-space representation.
The quantum constraint equations for a relativistic three-dimensional harmonic oscillator are shown to find concise expression in terms of Lorentz covariant ladder operators. These ladder operators consist of two conjugate 4-vectors that are each constrained to generate three linearly independent combinations of ladder operator components for raising and lowering the eigenstates of the oscillator. Correspondence to the Schrödinger equation for the harmonic oscillator in the non-relativistic limit is demonstrated.
Abstract We consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the harmonic oscillator potential and determine its bound states and energy levels in one spatial dimension using two approaches: the algebraic and the analytic method. Using the former, we introduce ladder operators: the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation-number operator, and determine the ground state of the harmonic oscillator to be a Gaussian wave packet, while the latter method yields the general bound state solutions in terms of the Hermite polynomials. We further discuss the zero-point energy and uncertainty relation for the quantum harmonic oscillator and make a comparison to the classical harmonic oscillator. Finally, we examine the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which leads us to the description of systems with multiple degrees of freedom via the tensor product