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arXiv:nlin/0511036 · Physical Review A

Matter-wave solitons supported by dissipation

Adrian Alexandrescu, Víctor M. Pérez‐García

Published May 1, 2006• 24 citations
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Abstract

We show how long-lived self-localized matter waves can exist in Bose-Einstein condensates with a nonlinear dissipative mechanism. The ingredients leading to such structures are a spatial phase generating a flux of atoms toward the condensate center and the dissipative mechanism provided by the inelastic three-body collisions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The outcome is a striking example of nonlinear structure supported by dissipation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.73.053610

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We show how long-lived self-localized matter waves can exist in Bose-Einstein condensates with a nonlinear dissipative mechanism. The ingredients leading to such structures are a spatial phase generating a flux of atoms toward the condensate center and the dissipative mechanism provided by the inelastic three-body collisions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The outcome is a striking example of nonlinear structure supported by dissipation.
In weakly nonlinear dispersive systems, solitons are spatially localized solutions which propagate without changing shape through a delicate balance between dispersion and self-focusing nonlinear effects. These states have been extensively studied in Bose-Einstein condensates, where interatomic interactions give rise to such nonlinearities. Previous experimental work with matter wave solitons has been limited to static intensity profiles. The creation of matter wave breathers--dispersionless soliton-like states with collective oscillation frequencies driven by attractive mean-field interactions--have been of theoretical interest due to the exotic behaviour of interacting matter wave systems. Here, using an attractively interacting Bose-Einstein condensate, we present the first observation of matter wave breathers. A comparison between experimental data and a cubic-quintic Gross-Pitaevskii equation suggests that previously unobserved three-body interactions may play an important role in this system. The observation of long lived stable breathers in an attractively interacting matter wave system indicates that there is a wide range of previously unobserved, but theoretically predicted, effects that are now experimentally accessible.
Dynamics and stability of solitons in two-dimensional (2D) Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), with one-dimensional (1D) conservative plus dissipative nonlinear optical lattices, are investigated. In the case of focusing media (with attractive atomic systems), the collapse of the wave packet is arrested by the dissipative periodic nonlinearity. The adiabatic variation of the background scattering length leads to metastable matter-wave solitons. When the atom feeding mechanism is used, a dissipative soliton can exist in focusing 2D media with 1D periodic nonlinearity. In the defocusing media (repulsive BEC case) with harmonic trap in one direction and nonlinear optical lattice in the other direction, the stable soliton can exist. Variational approach simulations are confirmed by full numerical results for the 2D Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
We analyze the existence and stability of spatially extended (Bloch-type) and localized states of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into an optical lattice. In the framework of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a periodic potential, we study the band-gap structure of the matter-wave spectrum in both the linear and nonlinear regimes. We demonstrate the existence of families of spatially localized matter-wave gap solitons, and analyze their stability in different band gaps, for both repulsive and attractive atomic interactions.
We investigate the stability and collision dynamics of dissipative matter-wave solitons formed in a quasi-one-dimensional Bose—Einstein condensate with linear gain and three-body recombination loss perturbed by a weak optical lattice. It is shown that the linear gain can modify the stability of the single dissipative soliton moving in the optical lattice. The collision dynamics of two individual dissipative matter-wave solitons explicitly depend on the linear gain parameter, and they display different dynamical behaviors in both the in-phase and out-of-phase interaction regimes.