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arXiv:math/9806112

Unitary Brownian motions are linearizable

Boris S. Tsirelson

Published Jun 19, 1998• 28 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Brownian motions in the infinite-dimensional group of all unitary operators are studied under strong continuity assumption rather than norm continuity. Every such motion can be described in terms of a countable collection of independent one-dimensional Brownian motions. The proof involves continuous tensor products and continuous quantum measurements. A by-product: a Brownian motion in a separable F-space (not locally convex) is a Gaussian process.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.math/9806112

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Brownian motions in the infinite-dimensional group of all unitary operators are studied under strong continuity assumption rather than norm continuity. Every such motion can be described in terms of a countable collection of independent one-dimensional Brownian motions. The proof involves continuous tensor products and continuous quantum measurements. A by-product: a Brownian motion in a separable F-space (not locally convex) is a Gaussian process.
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This article is a mathematical analysis of the Open Quantum Brownian Motion. This object was introduced by Bernard, Bauer, Benoist and Tilloy as the limit of a family of Open Quantum Random Walks on the discrete line. We prove the convergence for the three possible descriptions of this object: the quantum trajectory satisfying a Belavkin Equation, the unitary evolution on the Fock space satisfying a quantum Langevin Equation, and the Lindbladian evolution. We introduce a very general framework for the continual measurement of non-demolition observables, which is applied to the measurement of the position of the Open Quantum Brownian Motion, and we probe some questions related to the convergence of processes in this context.
We generalize the result of block-wise convergence of the Brownian motion on the unitary group U(nm)U(nm)U(nm) towards a quantum Lévy process on the unitary dual group U⟨n⟩U\langle n\rangleU⟨n⟩ when m→∞m\rightarrow\inftym→∞, obtained by the author in a previous paper, by showing that the Brownian motions on the orthogonal group O(nm)O(nm)O(nm) and the symplectic group Sp(nm)Sp(nm)Sp(nm) also converge block-wise to this same quantum Lévy process.
According to one of the fundamental axioms of quantum mechanics, unitary operators rule the evolution of any quantum system; it is thus of prominent importance to investigate the corresponding group and discover its properties. Random processes over the unitary group have indeed a wide range of applications in the context of quantum information; in particular, they are involved in the construction of peculiar distributions called unitary designs which mimic the uniform Haar measure by matching its moments and are thus deeply connected to the description of phenomena such as quantum tomography, equilibration, thermalization, encryption and scrambling. Previous approaches have shown that unitary designs are efficiently approximated by random quantum circuits with local unitary operators. Moreover, these circuits are used to characterize the precision of experimental implementations of unitary gates via randomized benchmarking protocols and to rapidly decouple a system from the environment. The main novel contribution of this work is to extend these mixing properties to a continuous-time framework, namely, Brownian motion over the unitary group induced by stochastic local Hamiltonians. In order to achieve these new results, on the one hand we move to a representation theoretic formulation and make use of its tools to establish the gap of local generators linked to the moments of the distribution induced by the diffusion process; from this we then derive an expression for the length of time it takes to ensure convergence toward the moments of the Haar measure. On the other hand we project the stochastic evolution onto a random walk on Pauli matrices and tie this description to the analogous one for random quantum circuits to achieve decoupling in a run time scaling almost linearly with respect to the system size. In addition to providing a unifying framework for random processes over the unitary group, we hence aim at presenting new mathematical results and techniques for quantum information. We furthermore discuss applications to black holes dynamics in the perspective of the information paradox. As an additional novel result not related to Brownian motion, we propose a randomized benchmarking protocol exploiting the symmetry of the gate whose accuracy has to be estimated, in order to overcome current shortcomings afflicting the known schemes. We again rely on representation theory to reduce the computational effort and the amount of employed quantum resources.
We introduce a new family of probability distributions on the set of pure states of a finite dimensional quantum system. Without any a priori assumptions, the most natural measure on the set of pure state is the uniform (or Haar) measure. Our family of measures is indexed by a time parameter t and interpolates between a deterministic measure (t = 0) and the uniform measure (t = ∞). The measures are constructed using a Brownian motion on the unitary group UN. Remarkably, these measures have a UN−1 invariance, whereas the usual uniform measure has a UN invariance. We compute several averages with respect to these measures using as a tool the Laplace transform of the coordinates.