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arXiv:math/0304350

THE SEMILATTICE, BOX, AND LATTICE-TENSOR PRODUCTS IN QUANTUM LOGIC

Boris Ischi

Published Jan 1, 2005• 3 citations

Abstract

Abstract. Given two complete atomistic lattices L1 and L2, we define a set S = S(L1, L2) of complete atomistic lattices by means of three axioms (natural regarding the description of quantum compound systems), or in terms of a universal property with respect to a given class of bimorphisms. We prove that S is a complete lattice. The bottom element L1 ∧○L2 is the separated product of Aerts. For atomistic lattices with 1 (not complete), L1 ∧○L2 ∼ = L1□L2 the box product of Grätzer and Wehrung, and, in case L1 and L2 are moreover coatomistic, L1 ∧○L2 ∼ = L1 ⊠ L2 the lattice tensor product. The top element L1 ∨○L2 is the (complete) join-semilattice tensor product of Fraser, which is isomorphic to the tensor products of Chu and Shmuely. With some additional hypotheses on L1 and L2 (true if L1 and L2 are moreover orthomodular with the covering property), we prove that S is a singleton if and only if L1 or L2 is distributive, if and only if L1 ∨○L2 has the covering property. Our main result reads: L ∈ S admits an orthocomplementation if and only if L = L1 ∧○L2. For L1 and L2 moreover irreducible, we characterize the automorphisms of each L ∈ S in terms of those of L1 and L2. At the end, we construct an example L1 ⇓○L2 in S which has the covering property. 1.

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Abstract. Given two complete atomistic lattices L1 and L2, we define a set S = S(L1, L2) of complete atomistic lattices by means of three axioms (natural regarding the description of quantum compound systems), or in terms of a universal property with respect to a given class of bimorphisms. We prove that S is a complete lattice. The bottom element L1 ∧○L2 is the separated product of Aerts. For atomistic lattices with 1 (not complete), L1 ∧○L2 ∼ = L1□L2 the box product of Grätzer and Wehrung, and, in case L1 and L2 are moreover coatomistic, L1 ∧○L2 ∼ = L1 ⊠ L2 the lattice tensor product. The top element L1 ∨○L2 is the (complete) join-semilattice tensor product of Fraser, which is isomorphic to the tensor products of Chu and Shmuely. With some additional hypotheses on L1 and L2 (true if L1 and L2 are moreover orthomodular with the covering property), we prove that S is a singleton if and only if L1 or L2 is distributive, if and only if L1 ∨○L2 has the covering property. Our main result reads: L ∈ S admits an orthocomplementation if and only if L = L1 ∧○L2. For L1 and L2 moreover irreducible, we characterize the automorphisms of each L ∈ S in terms of those of L1 and L2. At the end, we construct an example L1 ⇓○L2 in S which has the covering property. 1.

Since (as is known) no Hilbert space description is possible for two independent quantum systems (theorem 1), we investigate what kind of complete atomistic ortho-lattice (cao lattice)

{\\cal L}

is suitable to model the physical properties of the total system. This leads us to impose five conditions P1 to P5 on

{\\cal L}

. We show that conditions P1 to P4 are physically necessary and prove that if

{\\cal L}

satisfies conditions P1 to P5, then

{\\cal L}

is the separated product proposed by Aerts in 1982 to describe independent quantum systems (theorem 2). Finally, we explain why the separated product may not be the right candidate and therefore ask whether there exists a cao-lattice not isomorphic to the separated product that satisfies conditions P1 to P4.

We construct the tensor product for the property lattices of two entities. We give a physical interpretation for this tensor product. We show that the tensor product is never an orthocomplemented lattice if both entities are nontrivial. It also never satisfies the covering law. This is the reason why this tensor product does not exist in quantum mechanics and does not exist in quantum logic. We analyze the relation of the tensor product with the usual description of two entities in quantum mechanics. At the end, we give a mathematical way of constructing this tensor product.

Abstract States of quantum systems correspond to vectors in a Hilbert space and observations to closed subspaces. Hence, this logic corresponds to the algebra of closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. This can be considered as a complete lattice with orthocomplementation, but it is not distributive. It satisfies a weaker condition, the so-called orthomodularity. Later on, it was recognized that joins in this structure need not exist provided the subspaces are not orthogonal. Hence, the resulting structure need not be a lattice but a so-called orthomodular poset, more generally an orthoposet only. For orthoposets, we introduce a binary relation

\mathrel \Delta

and a binary operator

d(x,y)

that are generalizations of the binary relation

\textrm{C}

and the commutator

c(x,y)

, respectively, known for orthomodular lattices. We characterize orthomodular posets among orthogonal posets. Moreover, we describe connections between the relations

\mathrel \Delta

and

\leftrightarrow

(the latter was introduced by P. Pták and S. Pulmannová) and the operator

d(x,y)

. In addition, we investigate certain orthomodular posets of subsets of a finite set. In particular, we describe maximal orthomodular sublattices and Boolean subalgebras of such orthomodular posets. Finally, we study properties of

\Delta

-blocks with respect to Boolean subalgebras and distributive subposets they include.

In this work we present an intuitive construction of the quantum logical axiomatic system provided by George Mackey. The goal of this work is a detailed discussion of the results from the paper 'Physical justification for using the tensor product to describe two quantum systems as one joint system' [1] published by Diederik Aerts and Ingrid Daubechies. This means that we want to show how certain composed physical systems from classical and quantum mechanics should be described logically. To reach this goal, we will, like in [1], discuss a special class of axiomatically defined composed physical systems. With the help of certain results from lattice and c-morphism theory (see [2] and [23]), we will present a detailed proof of the statement, that in the quantum mechanical case, a composed physical system must be described via a tensor product space.

A quantum logic is the couple (L,M) where L is an orthomodular σ-lattice and M is a strong set of states on L. The Jauch–Piron property in the σ-form is also supposed for any state of M. A ‘‘tensor product’’ of quantum logics is defined. This definition is compared with the definition of a free orthodistributive product of orthomodular σ-lattices. The existence and uniqueness of the tensor product in special cases of Hilbert space quantum logics and one quantum and one classical logic are studied.

Abstract. In their 1936 founding paper on quantum logic, Birkhoff and von Neumann postulated that the lattice describing the experimental propositions concerning a quantum system is orthocomplemented. We prove that this postulate fails for the lattice Lsep describing a compound system consisting of so called separated quantum systems. By separated we mean two systems prepared in different “rooms ” of the lab, and before any interaction takes place. In that case the state of the compound system is necessarily a product state. As a consequence, Dirac’s superposition principle fails, and therefore Lsep cannot satisfy all Piron’s axioms. In previous works, assuming that Lsep is orthocomplemented, it was argued that Lsep is not orthomodular and fails to have the covering property. Here we prove that Lsep cannot admit and orthocomplementation. Moreover, we propose a natural model for Lsep which has the covering property. PACS numbers: 03.65.Ta, 03.65.Ca 1.