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arXiv:math-ph/0404047 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Solving the quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation with δ-type impurity

Vincent Caudrelier, M. Mintchev, E. Ragoucy

Published Mar 18, 2005• 30 citations
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Abstract

We establish the exact solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a delta-function impurity, representing a pointlike defect which reflects and transmits. We solve the problem both at the classical and the second quantized levels. In the quantum case the Zamolodchikov–Faddeev algebra, familiar from the case without impurities, is substituted by the recently discovered reflection-transmission (RT) algebra, which captures both particle–particle and particle–impurity interactions. The off-shell quantum solution is expressed in terms of the generators of the RT algebra and the exact scattering matrix of the theory is derived.

DOI
10.1063/1.1842353

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We establish the exact solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a delta-function impurity, representing a pointlike defect which reflects and transmits. We solve the problem both at the classical and the second quantized levels. In the quantum case the Zamolodchikov–Faddeev algebra, familiar from the case without impurities, is substituted by the recently discovered reflection-transmission (RT) algebra, which captures both particle–particle and particle–impurity interactions. The off-shell quantum solution is expressed in terms of the generators of the RT algebra and the exact scattering matrix of the theory is derived.
We introduce and solve the one-dimensional quantum non-linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation for an N -component field defined on the real line with a defect sitting at the origin. The quantum solution is constructed using the quantum inverse scattering method based on the concept of reflection–transmission (RT) algebras recently introduced. The symmetry of the model is generated by the reflection and transmission defect generators defining a defect subalgebra. We classify all the corresponding reflection and transmission matrices. This provides the possible boundary conditions obeyed by the canonical field and we compute these boundary conditions explicitly. Finally, we exhibit a phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking induced by the defect and identify the unbroken generators as well as the exact remaining symmetry.
The δ-function interacting many-body systems (nonlinear Schrödinger models) on an infinite interval and with boundary are studied by use of the integrable differential-difference operators, so-called Dunkl operators. These models are related with the classical root systems of type A and BC, and we give a systematic method to construct these integrable operators. This method is based on the infinite-dimensional representation for solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation and the classical reflection equation. In addition the scattering matrices of the boundary nonlinear Schrödinger model are investigated.
We explore the reflection–transmission quantum Yang–Baxter equations, arising in factorized scattering theory of integrable models with impurities. The physical origin of these equations is clarified and three general families of solutions are described in detail. Explicit representatives of each family are also displayed. These results allow us to establish, for the first time, a direct relationship with the different previous works on the subject and make evident the advantages of the reflection–transmission algebra as a universal approach to integrable systems with impurities.
We apply the concept of reflection–transmission (RT) algebra, originally developed in the context of integrable systems in 1+1 space–time dimensions, to the study of finite temperature quantum field theory with impurities in higher dimensions. We consider a scalar field in ( s +1)+1 space–time dimensions, interacting with impurities localized on s -dimensional hyperplanes, but without self-interaction. We discuss first the case s = 0 and extend afterwards all results to s >0. Constructing the Gibbs state over an appropriate RT algebra, we derive the energy density at finite temperature and establish the correction to the Stefan–Boltzmann law generated by the impurity. The contribution of the impurity bound states is taken into account. The charge density profiles for various impurities are also investigated.
The Schrödinger equation, in hyperspherical coordinates, is solved in closed form for a system of three particles on a line, interacting via pair delta functions. This is for the case of equal masses and potential strengths. The interactions are replaced by appropriate boundary conditions. This leads then to requiring the solution of a free-particle Schrödinger equation subject to these boundary conditions. A generalized Kontorovich–Lebedev transformation is used to write this solution as an integral involving a product of Bessel functions and pseudo-Sturmian functions. The coefficient of the product is obtained from a three-term recurrence relation, derived from the boundary condition. The contours of the Kontorovich–Lebedev representation are fixed by the asymptotic conditions. The scattering matrix is then derived from the exact solution of the recurrence relation. The wavefunctions that are obtained are shown to be equivalent to those derived by McGuire. The method can clearly be applied to a larger number of particles and hopefully might be useful for unequal masses and potentials.