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arXiv:hep-th/0703124 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

On the Bethe ansatz for the Jaynes–Cummings–Gaudin model

O. Babelon, Dmitry Valer'evich Talalaev

Published Jun 18, 2007• 72 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We investigate the quantum Jaynes–Cummings model—a particular case of the Gaudin model with one of the spins being infinite. Starting from the Bethe equations we derive Baxter's equation and from it a closed set of equations for the eigenvalues of the commuting Hamiltonians. A scalar product in the separated variables representation is found for which the commuting Hamiltonians are Hermitian. In the semi-classical limit the Bethe roots accumulate on very specific curves in the complex plane. We give the equation for these curves. They build up a system of cuts modelling the spectral curve as a two-sheeted cover of the complex plane. Finally, we extend some of these results to the XXX Heisenberg spin chain.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/2007/06/p06013

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We investigate the quantum Jaynes–Cummings model—a particular case of the Gaudin model with one of the spins being infinite. Starting from the Bethe equations we derive Baxter's equation and from it a closed set of equations for the eigenvalues of the commuting Hamiltonians. A scalar product in the separated variables representation is found for which the commuting Hamiltonians are Hermitian. In the semi-classical limit the Bethe roots accumulate on very specific curves in the complex plane. We give the equation for these curves. They build up a system of cuts modelling the spectral curve as a two-sheeted cover of the complex plane. Finally, we extend some of these results to the XXX Heisenberg spin chain.
A bstract We develop a non-nested Bethe ansatz description of rational 𝔤𝔩 ℓ spin chains in the vector representation. Starting from the quantum spectral curve and the separation-of-variables framework, we derive closed systems of Bethe equations involving only the momentum-carrying Bethe roots. The construction is worked out explicitly for the 𝔤𝔩 3 and 𝔤𝔩 4 spin chains and then generalized to arbitrary rank. A central result of this work is the identification of a recursive hierarchy associated with the fundamental transfer matrices. The hierarchy is generated by regularity conditions of the lower transfer matrices and closes through a universal rank- ℓ equation ℛ ℓ = 0. This equation replaces the final level of the conventional nested Bethe ansatz and eliminates all auxiliary Bethe roots. Consequently, the complete spectral data of an eigenstate are encoded solely in the first Baxter polynomial Q 1 ( u ). We further obtain explicit expressions for the eigenvalues of all fundamental transfer matrices in terms of the momentum-carrying roots alone. The resulting formulation provides a compact characterization of the spectrum of rational 𝔤𝔩 ℓ spin chains and reveals a direct connection between the quantum spectral curve, transfer-matrix fusion relations, and a truncated Q -system underlying the non-nested description. Finally, we investigate the quasi-classical (Gaudin) limit of the non-nested Bethe equations. For the 𝔤𝔩 3 spin chain, we show that the leading non-trivial contribution gives rise to Gaudin equations whose pole-free form naturally defines a scalar third-order 𝔤𝔩 3 oper.
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In this article we study the thermodynamic limit of the form factors of the XXX Heisenberg spin chain using the algebraic Bethe ansatz approach. Our main goal is to express the form factors for the low-lying excited states as determinants of matrices that remain finite dimensional in the thermodynamic limit. We show how to treat all types of the complex roots of the Bethe equations within this framework. In particular we demonstrate that the Gaudin determinant for the higher level Bethe equations arises naturally from the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
Using the technique of classical r -matrices and quantum Lax operators we construct the most general form of the quantum integrable ‘two-level, one-mode’ spin-boson Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type model. We consider in detail two subclasses of this model and the corresponding examples associated with concrete classical r -matrices with spectral parameters. We show that the so-called ‘diagonal’ in the root basis r -matrices produces integrable Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type models with the ‘rotating wave approximation’, while all other types of classical r -matrices produce integrable JCD models without the rotating wave approximation. We construct an explicit example of an integrable Hermitian Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type Hamiltonian containing both ‘rotating’ and ‘counter-rotating’ terms. In the case of the diagonal r -matrices we find the spectrum of the corresponding quantum Hamiltonians using the algebraic Bethe ansatz.
We study the exact solution of the Gaudin model with Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya and Kaplan–Shekhtman–Entin–Wohlman–Aharony interactions. The energy and Bethe ansatz equations of the Gaudin model can be obtained via the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz method. Based on the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz solutions, we construct the Bethe states of the inhomogeneous XXX Heisenberg spin chain with the generic open boundaries. By taking a quasi-classical limit, we give explicit closed-form expression of the Bethe states of the Gaudin model. From the numerical simulations for the small-size system, it is shown that some Bethe roots go to infinity when the Gaudin model recovers the U(1) symmetry. Furthermore, it is found that the contribution of those Bethe roots to the Bethe states is a nonzero constant. This fact enables us to recover the Bethe states of the Gaudin model with the U(1) symmetry. These results provide a basis for the further study of the thermodynamic limit, correlation functions, and quantum dynamics of the Gaudin model.