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arXiv:hep-th/0506105 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

Finite-temperature form factors in the free Majorana theory

Benjamin Doyon

Published Nov 16, 2005• 67 citations
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Abstract

We study the large distance expansion of correlation functions in the free massive Majorana theory at finite temperature, alias the Ising field theory at zero magnetic field on a cylinder. We develop a method that mimics the spectral decomposition, or form factor expansion, of zero-temperature correlation functions, introducing the concept of ‘finite-temperature form factors’. Our techniques are different from those of previous attempts in this subject. We show that an appropriate analytical continuation of finite-temperature form factors gives form factors in the quantization scheme on the circle. We show that finite-temperature form factor expansions are able to reproduce expansions in form factors on the circle. We calculate finite-temperature form factors of non-interacting fields (fields that are local with respect to the fundamental fermion field). We observe that they are given by a mixing of their zero-temperature form factors and of those of other fields of lower scaling dimension. We then calculate finite-temperature form factors of order and disorder fields. For this purpose, we derive the Riemann–Hilbert problem that completely specifies the set of finite-temperature form factors of general twist fields (order and disorder fields and their descendants). This Riemann–Hilbert problem is different from the zero-temperature one, and so are its solutions. Our results agree with the known form factors on the circle of order and disorder fields.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/2005/11/p11006

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We study the large distance expansion of correlation functions in the free massive Majorana theory at finite temperature, alias the Ising field theory at zero magnetic field on a cylinder. We develop a method that mimics the spectral decomposition, or form factor expansion, of zero-temperature correlation functions, introducing the concept of ‘finite-temperature form factors’. Our techniques are different from those of previous attempts in this subject. We show that an appropriate analytical continuation of finite-temperature form factors gives form factors in the quantization scheme on the circle. We show that finite-temperature form factor expansions are able to reproduce expansions in form factors on the circle. We calculate finite-temperature form factors of non-interacting fields (fields that are local with respect to the fundamental fermion field). We observe that they are given by a mixing of their zero-temperature form factors and of those of other fields of lower scaling dimension. We then calculate finite-temperature form factors of order and disorder fields. For this purpose, we derive the Riemann–Hilbert problem that completely specifies the set of finite-temperature form factors of general twist fields (order and disorder fields and their descendants). This Riemann–Hilbert problem is different from the zero-temperature one, and so are its solutions. Our results agree with the known form factors on the circle of order and disorder fields.
We review the concept of finite-temperature form factor that was introduced recently by the author in the context of the Majorana theory.Finite-temperature form factors can be used to obtain spectral decompositions of finite-temperature correlation functions in a way that mimics the form-factor expansion of the zero temperature case.We develop the concept in the general factorised scattering set-up of integrable quantum field theory, list certain expected properties and present the full construction in the case of the massive Majorana theory, including how it can be applied to the calculation of correlation functions in the quantum Ising model.In particular, we include the "twisted construction", which was not developed before and which is essential for the application to the quantum Ising model.
This work concerns the dynamical two-point spin correlation functions of the transverse Ising quantum chain at finite (non-zero) temperature, in the universal region near the quantum critical point. They are correlation functions of twist fields in the massive Majorana fermion quantum field theory. At finite temperature, these are known to satisfy a set of integrable partial differential equations, including the sinh–Gordon equation. We apply the classical inverse scattering method to study them, finding that the 'initial scattering data' corresponding to the correlation functions are simply related to the one-particle finite-temperature form factors calculated recently by one of the persent authors. The set of linear integral equations (Gelfand–Levitan–Marchenko equations) associated with the inverse scattering problem then gives, in principle, the two-point functions at all space and time separations, and all temperatures. From these, we evaluate the long-time asymptotic expansion 'near the light cone', in the region where the difference between the space and time separations is of the order of the correlation length.
We study finite temperature dynamical correlation functions of the magnetization operator in the one-dimensional Ising quantum field theory. Our approach is based on a finite temperature form factor series and on a Fredholm determinant representation of the correlators. While for space-like separations the Fredholm determinant can be efficiently evaluated numerically, for the time-like region it has convergence issues inherited from the form factor series. We develop a method to compute the correlation functions at time-like separations based on the analytic continuation of the space-time coordinates to complex values. Using this numerical technique, we explore all space-time and temperature regimes in both the ordered and disordered phases including short, large, and near-light-cone separations at low and high temperatures. We confirm the existing analytic predictions for the asymptotic behavior of the correlations except in the case of space-like correlations in the paramagnetic phase. For this case we derive a new closed form expression for the correlation length that has some unusual properties: it is a non-analytic function of both the space-time direction and the temperature, and its temperature dependence is non-monotonic.
Using the "Liouville space'' (the space of operators) of the massive Ising model of quantum field theory, there is a natural definition of form factors in any mixed state. These generalize the usual form factors, and are building blocks for mixed-state correlation functions. We study the cases of mixed states that are diagonal in the asymptotic particle basis, and obtain exact expressions for all mixed-state form factors of order and disorder fields. We use novel techniques based on deriving and solving a system of nonlinear functional differential equations. We then write down the full form factor expansion for mixed-state correlation functions of these fields. Under weak analytic conditions on the eigenvalues of the density matrix, this is an exact large-distance expansion. The form factors agree with the known finite-temperature form factors when the mixed state is specialized to a thermal Gibbs ensemble. Our results can be used to analyze correlation functions in generalized Gibbs ensembles (which occur after quantum quenches). Applying this to the density matrix for non-equilibrium steady states with energy flows, we observe that non-equilibrium form factors have branch cuts in rapidity space. We verify that this is in agreement with a non-equilibrium generalization of the KMS relations, and we conjecture that the leading large-distance behavior of order and disorder non-equilibrium correlation functions contains oscillations in the log of the distance between the fields.
In this thesis we investigate finite size effects in 1+1 dimensional integrable QFT. In particular we consider matrix elements of local operators (finite volume form factors) and vacuum expectation values and correlation functions at finite temperature. In the first part of the thesis we give a complete description of the finite volume form factors in terms of the infinite volume form factors (solutions of the bootstrap program) and the S-matrix of the theory. The calculations are correct to all orders in the inverse of the volume, only exponentially decaying (residual) finite size effects are neglected. We also consider matrix elements with disconnected pieces and determine the general rule for evaluating such contributions in a finite volume. The analytic results are tested against numerical data obtained by the truncated conformal space approach in the Lee-Yang model and the Ising model in a magnetic field. In a separate section we also evaluate the leading exponential correction (the μμμ-term) associated to multi-particle energies and matrix elements. In the second part of the thesis we show that finite volume factors can be used to derive a systematic low-temperature expansion for correlation functions at finite temperature. In the case of vacuum expectation values the series is worked out up to the third non-trivial order and a complete agreement with the LeClair-Mussardo formula is observed. A preliminary treatment of the two-point function is also given by considering the first nontrivial contributions.
This thesis is devoted to diagrammatic frameworks for computing the dynamic structure factor (DSF) and the static susceptibility of spin systems at finite temperature in the thermodynamic limit. We consider two complementary diagrammatic frameworks. First, we study functional renormalization group (FRG) approaches based on pseudo-fermion (pf-FRG) and pseudo-Majorana (pm-FRG) representations. Second, we develop high-order strong-coupling and high-temperature expansions (HTE) using free and restricted-graph techniques. To enable finite-temperature calculations in pf-FRG, we eliminate unphysical states by incorporating the Popov–Fedotov trick. Within pm-FRG, we introduce a temperature-flow scheme that significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of finite-size scaling analyses of thermal phase transitions. We further extend pm-FRG to include external magnetic fields, allowing treatment of XXZ models with a field along the z direction. While the pseudo-Majorana representation maps local spin-1/2 operators to free Majorana fermions, higher spin values S>1/2 can instead be represented as strongly interacting real bosons, an idea underlying the recently proposed spin-FRG. Rather than implementing the spin-FRG itself, we analyze its perturbation series using a strong-coupling expansion. To evaluate the high-dimensional imaginary-time integrals arising in this expansion analytically with efficient bookkeeping, we introduce the kernel trick, which rewrites any Matsubara diagram in terms of the partial spectral functions of its constituent Green’s functions. The resulting fourth-order strong-coupling expansion for general spin S provides systematic beyond-mean-field corrections to critical temperatures and fields in both 1/d and large-interaction-range expansions. More importantly, it provides an analytic explanation of the long-standing quantum-to-classical correspondence observed in diagrammatic Monte Carlo simulations: the normalized static susceptibilities of quantum and classical Heisenberg models coincide after a simple temperature rescaling. Our analysis shows that this arises from the fact that the static susceptibility is well approximated by a simple functional form akin to a mean-field susceptibility, which we call the renormalized-mean-field form. To reach higher orders, we generalize the HTE to Matsubara-frequency-resolved Green’s functions (Dyn-HTE). This includes the static susceptibility (at zero Matsubara frequency) as a special case and validates the renormalized-mean-field form up to 12th order in perturbation theory. By analytically continuing the frequency dependence obtained from Dyn-HTE using a continued-fraction expansion, we compute DSFs for one-parameter Heisenberg models on arbitrary lattices, which can be directly compared with experimental inelastic neutron-scattering spectra. All Dyn-HTE calculations are implemented in a publicly available, well-documented open-source code. Finally, we clarify the relation between pseudo-Majorana and spin-based diagrammatic approaches by deriving the exact pseudo-Majorana action directly from the spin Hamiltonian, without invoking any parton representation. This derivation paves the way for extending Majorana-based methods to higher-spin systems.