As shown in our work on spacetime structures of quantum particles, Schrödinger wavefunctions in quantum mechanics can be utilised to construct the geometric structures of quantum particles which are considered to be three-dimensional differentiable manifolds. In this work we will extend this kind of geometric formulation of quantum particles by showing that wavefunctions that are normally used to describe wave phenomena in classical physics can in fact also be utilised to represent three-dimensional differentiable manifolds which in turns are identified with quantum particles. We show that such identification can be achieved by using a three-dimensional wave equation to construct three-dimensional differentiable manifolds that are embedded in a four-dimensional Euclidean space. In particular, the dual character that is resulted from the identification of a wavefunction with a three-dimensional differentiable manifold may provide a classical basis to interpret the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics.
As a manifold is embedded into a higher dimensional Euclidean space, quantum mechanics gives various embedding quantities. In the present study, two embedding quantities for a two-dimensional curved surface in the three-dimensional flat space, the geometric momentum and the geometric potential, are derived in a unified manner. For a particle moving on a two-dimensional sphere or a free rotation of a spherical top, the projections of both the geometric momentum
p and the angular momentum
L onto a certain Cartesian axis form a complete set of commuting observables as
[pi,Li]=0 (
i=1,2,3), thus constituting a dynamical
(pi,Li) representation for the states on the two-dimensional spherical surface. The geometric momentum distribution of the states represented by spherical harmonics is successfully obtained, and this distribution for a homonuclear diatomic molecule seems within the resolution power of present momentum spectrometers and can be measured to probe the embedding effect.