We study the role of context, complex of physical conditions, in quantum as well as classical experiments. It is shown that by taking into account contextual dependence of experimental probabilities we can derive the quantum rule for the addition of probabilities of alternatives. Thus we obtain quantum interference without applying the wave or Hilbert space approach. The Hilbert space representation of contextual probabilities is obtained as a consequence of the elementary geometric fact: cos-theorem. By using another fact from elementary algebra we obtain complex-amplitude representation of probabilities. Finally, we found contextual origin of noncommutativity of incompatible observables.
We study the role of context, complex of physical conditions, in quantum as well as classical experiments. It is shown that by taking into account contextual dependence of experimental probabilities we can derive the quantum rule for the addition of probabilities of alternatives. Thus we obtain quantum interference without applying the wave or Hilbert space approach. The Hilbert space representation of contextual probabilities is obtained as a consequence of the elementary geometric fact: cos-theorem. By using another fact from elementary algebra we obtain complex-amplitude representation of probabilities. Finally, we found contextual origin of noncommutativity of incompatible observables.
We study the role of context, complex of physical conditions, in quantum as well as classical experiments. It is shown that by taking into account contextual dependence of experimental probabilities we can derive the quantum rule for the addition of probabilities of alternatives. Thus we obtain quantum interference without applying to wave or Hilbert space approach. The Hilbert space representation of contextual probabilities is obtained as a consequence of the elementary geometric fact: cos-theorem. By using another fact from elementary algebra we obtain complex-amplitude representation of probabilities. Finally, we found contextual origin of noncommutativity of incompatible observables.
The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born’s rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities. In our approach it is forbidden to consider abstract context independent probabilities: “first context and then probability.” We start with the conventional formula of total probability for contextual (conditional) probabilities and then we rewrite it by eliminating combinations of incompatible contexts from consideration. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. However, we did not just reconstruct the probabilistic formalism of conventional quantum mechanics. Our contextual probabilistic model is essentially more general and, besides the projection to the complex Hilbert space, it has other projections. The most important new prediction is the possibility (at least theoretical) of appearance of hyperbolic interference. A projection of the classical contextual probabilistic model to the hyperbolic Hilbert space (a module over the commutative two dimensional Clifford algebra) has some similarities with the projection to the complex Hilbert space. However, in the hyperbolic quantum mechanics the principle of superposition is violated. Our realistic (but contextual!) approach to quantum mechanics does not contradict to various “no‐go theorems”, e.g., von Neumann, Bell, Kochen‐Specker. We emphasize that our projection of the classical probabilistic model to the complex Hilbert space is based on two incompatible observables (“reference observables”), e.g., the position and the momentum, or the position and the energy. Only these two observables can be considered as objective properties of quantum systems.
We continue the development of a so-called contextual statistical model (here context has the meaning of a complex of physical conditions). It is shown that, besides contexts producing the conventional trigonometric cos-interference, there exist contexts producing the hyperbolic cos-interference. Starting with the corresponding interference formula of total probability we represent such contexts by hyperbolic probabilistic amplitudes or in the abstract formalism by normalized vectors of a hyperbolic analogue of the Hilbert space. There is obtained a hyperbolic Born’s rule. Incompatible observables are represented by noncommutative operators. This paper can be considered as the first step towards hyperbolic quantum probability. We also discuss possibilities of experimental verification of hyperbolic quantum mechanics: in physics of elementary particles, string theory as well as in experiments with nonphysical systems, e.g., in psychology, cognitive sciences, and economy.
The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities. In our approach it is forbidden to consider abstract context independent probabilities: ``first context and then probability.'' We start with the conventional formula of total probability for contextual (conditional) probabilities and then we rewrite it by eliminating combinations of incompatible contexts from consideration. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. However, we did not just reconstruct the probabilistic formalism of conventional quantum mechanics. Our contextual probabilistic model is essentially more general and, besides the projection to the complex Hilbert space, it has other projections. The most important new prediction is the possibility (at least theoretical) of appearance of hyperbolic interference.
We show that, in spite of a rather common opinion, interference of probabilities can be easily obtained in purely corpuscular statistical model. All distinguishing features of the quantum probabilistic model (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, classical model should be considered as a contextual model (in the sense that all probabilities are determined by contexts-complexes of physical conditions). One of the main consequences of our contextual probabilistic reconsideration of foundations of quantum mechanics is that interference can be explained without wave-particle duality.
We compare the classical Kolmogorov and quantum probability models. We show that the gap between these models is not so huge as was commonly believed. The main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the Kolmogorov model. In particular, we obtain “interference of probabilities” without appealing to the Hilbert space formalism. We interpret “interference of probabilities” as a perturbation (by a cos-term) of the conventional formula of total probability. Our classical derivation of quantum probabilistic formalism can stimulate applications of quantum methods outside of the microworld, for instance, in psychology, biology, economy, and other domains of science.