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Theory of Probability and Its Applications

A Formula of Total Probability with the Interference Term and the Hilbert Space Representation of the Contextual Kolmogorovian Model

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Published Jan 1, 2007• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We compare the classical Kolmogorov and quantum probability models. We show that the gap between these models is not so huge as was commonly believed. The main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the Kolmogorov model. In particular, we obtain “interference of probabilities” without appealing to the Hilbert space formalism. We interpret “interference of probabilities” as a perturbation (by a cos-term) of the conventional formula of total probability. Our classical derivation of quantum probabilistic formalism can stimulate applications of quantum methods outside of the microworld, for instance, in psychology, biology, economy, and other domains of science.

DOI
10.1137/s0040585x97982505

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The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities. In our approach it is forbidden to consider abstract context independent probabilities: ``first context and then probability.'' We start with the conventional formula of total probability for contextual (conditional) probabilities and then we rewrite it by eliminating combinations of incompatible contexts from consideration. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. However, we did not just reconstruct the probabilistic formalism of conventional quantum mechanics. Our contextual probabilistic model is essentially more general and, besides the projection to the complex Hilbert space, it has other projections. The most important new prediction is the possibility (at least theoretical) of appearance of hyperbolic interference.
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The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born’s rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities. In our approach it is forbidden to consider abstract context independent probabilities: “first context and then probability.” We start with the conventional formula of total probability for contextual (conditional) probabilities and then we rewrite it by eliminating combinations of incompatible contexts from consideration. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. However, we did not just reconstruct the probabilistic formalism of conventional quantum mechanics. Our contextual probabilistic model is essentially more general and, besides the projection to the complex Hilbert space, it has other projections. The most important new prediction is the possibility (at least theoretical) of appearance of hyperbolic interference. A projection of the classical contextual probabilistic model to the hyperbolic Hilbert space (a module over the commutative two dimensional Clifford algebra) has some similarities with the projection to the complex Hilbert space. However, in the hyperbolic quantum mechanics the principle of superposition is violated. Our realistic (but contextual!) approach to quantum mechanics does not contradict to various “no‐go theorems”, e.g., von Neumann, Bell, Kochen‐Specker. We emphasize that our projection of the classical probabilistic model to the complex Hilbert space is based on two incompatible observables (“reference observables”), e.g., the position and the momentum, or the position and the energy. Only these two observables can be considered as objective properties of quantum systems.
We consider transition from the classical statistical model to the quantum statistical model through ignorance (of huge volume) of information in process of construction of a wave function { a complex probability amplitude. Our approach clarifles relation between classical and quantum statistical models (and hence relation between classical and quantum information theories). In particular, it can be considered as a step toward demystiflcation of quantum theory. The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities.In our approach it is forbidden to consider abstract context independent probabilities: \flrst context and then probability. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. Our formalism can be applied to various domains outside quantum physics, e.g., cognitive sci- ences, psychology, economics, chemistry: roughly speaking in any domain in that it is impossible to extract the whole information about an ontic (or to say realistic) model and hence the epis- temological (experimental or to say observational) model is constructed through huge reduction of information volume. We introduced a notion of prespace { space of states containing complete information about systems under consideration. Classical phase space and quantum Hilbert space are obtained as projections of such a prespace.
We show that, in spite of a rather common opinion, interference of probabilities can be easily obtained in purely corpuscular statistical model. All distinguishing features of the quantum probabilistic model (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, classical model should be considered as a contextual model (in the sense that all probabilities are determined by contexts-complexes of physical conditions). One of the main consequences of our contextual probabilistic reconsideration of foundations of quantum mechanics is that interference can be explained without wave-particle duality.