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arXiv:hep-lat/9312025 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Locating analytically critical temperatures in some statistical systems

J. Wosiek

Published Jun 1, 1994• 26 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We have found a simple criterion which allows for the straightforward determination of the order-disorder critical temperatures. The method reproduces exactly known results for the two-dimensional Ising, Potts, and Z(N5) models. It also works for the Ising model on the triangular lattice. For systems that are not self-dual, our proposition remains an unproven conjecture. It predicts ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0.2656. . . for the two coupled layers of Ising spins. The critical temperature of the three-dimensional Ising model is related to the free energy of the two-layer Ising system.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.49.15023

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We have found a simple criterion which allows for the straightforward determination of the order-disorder critical temperatures. The method reproduces exactly known results for the two-dimensional Ising, Potts, and Z(N5) models. It also works for the Ising model on the triangular lattice. For systems that are not self-dual, our proposition remains an unproven conjecture. It predicts \ensuremathβc{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{c}}\ensuremathβc​=0.2656. . . for the two coupled layers of Ising spins. The critical temperature of the three-dimensional Ising model is related to the free energy of the two-layer Ising system.
A new graphical method is developed to calculate the critical temperature of 2- and 3-dimensional Ising models as well as that of the 2-dimensional Potts models. This method is based on the transfer matrix method and using the limited lattice for the calculation. The reduced internal energy per site has been accurately calculated for different 2-D Ising and Potts models using different size-limited lattices. All calculated energies intersect at a single point when plotted versus the reduced temperature. The reduced temperature at the intersection is 0.4407, 0.2746, and 0.6585 for the square, triangular, and honeycombs Ising lattices and 1.0050, 0.6309, and 1.4848 for the square, triangular, and honeycombs Potts lattices, respectively. These values are exactly the same as the critical temperatures reported in the literature, except for the honeycomb Potts lattice. For the two-dimensional Ising model, we have shown that the existence of such an intersection point is due to the duality relation. The method is then extended to the simple cubic Ising model, in which the intersection point is found to be dependent on the lattice sizes. We have found a linear relation between the lattice size and the intersection point. This relation is used to obtain the critical temperature of the unlimited simple cubic lattice. The obtained result, 0.221(2), is in a good agreement with the accurate value of 0.22165 reported by others.
The critical temperatures of the Ising model can be obtained by considering the elementary cells of the corresponding lattice, namely the square lattice in two dimensions and the cube in three dimensions. The configurations in the statistical sum of a cell are divided into nondegenerate and degenerate cases. At the critical temperature of the infinite lattice the contributions of these two groups of configurations are assumed to be equal. This conjecture reproduces the exact Onsager result for two dimensions and the numerical result for the three-dimensional Ising lattices. Although this conjecture is not exact, it gives insight into the nature of the transitions.
First, a new method proposed by Baker and Rushbrooke is used to study the simple ferromagnetic Ising model at and below the Curie temperature. Of course, the properties of the Ising model are already well known, so that the main aim here is to assess the potential and reliability of the new method, since it has wide applicability to other models which have not been otherwise studied. Between 8 and 16 coefficients of exact high-temperature expansions for fixed values of the magnetization are derived for various two- and three-dimensional lattices. A Pad\'e-approximant analysis of these expansions at the critical isotherm and magnetic phase boundary enables us to estimate the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\beta}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$, and plot the spontaneous magnetization. The results are in good agreement with previous calculations. Secondly, an analysis of the exact series expansions provides no support for the conjecture that the phase boundary is a line of essential singularities. However, the same expansions strongly suggest the existence of a "spinodal" curve, whose properties are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of various heuristic arguments (based essentially upon analyticity at the phase boundary and one-phase homogeneity in the critical region). Finally, structure and a mild extension of the proven analyticity of the free energy are used to show the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
For various Ising models two approaches are discussed, one is that of simulating lattices, also called gauging on exact equations, the other is that of calculating analytical expressions for the boundary free energy of Ising lattices. The first approach allows to conjecture a solution for some Ising models, that have sofar not been solved, once some exact partial result for the problem is known. The second approach aims at furnishing such a partial result in the form of a condition for the critical temperature. An example of such a result was recently given for the 2D Ising square lattice with nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. The critical line that separates the ordered (ferromagnetic) phase from the disordered (paramagnetic) phase showed good agreement in the moderate and strong nearest neighbor coupling limit with several results obtained by Monte Carlo, transfer matrix and series expansion results. We extend the discussion of the critical line, finding an excellent fit, now also in other points, like the Padé point, as well as cusp behavior at the Onsager point where the lattice decouples into two 2D square lattices with only nearest-neighbor interaction. Combination of this result with a geometrical argument in the simulation approach leads to a critical exponent 2−2≈0.5858,2-\sqrt{2} \approx 0.5858,2−2​≈0.5858, comparable to the exponent 4/7≈0.57144/7 \approx 0.57144/7≈0.5714 found from renormalization arguments.