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American Journal of Physics

The critical temperature of two-dimensional and three-dimensional Ising models

Bin Liu, Moshe Gitterman

Published Jul 10, 2003• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The critical temperatures of the Ising model can be obtained by considering the elementary cells of the corresponding lattice, namely the square lattice in two dimensions and the cube in three dimensions. The configurations in the statistical sum of a cell are divided into nondegenerate and degenerate cases. At the critical temperature of the infinite lattice the contributions of these two groups of configurations are assumed to be equal. This conjecture reproduces the exact Onsager result for two dimensions and the numerical result for the three-dimensional Ising lattices. Although this conjecture is not exact, it gives insight into the nature of the transitions.

DOI
10.1119/1.1579495

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The critical temperatures of the Ising model can be obtained by considering the elementary cells of the corresponding lattice, namely the square lattice in two dimensions and the cube in three dimensions. The configurations in the statistical sum of a cell are divided into nondegenerate and degenerate cases. At the critical temperature of the infinite lattice the contributions of these two groups of configurations are assumed to be equal. This conjecture reproduces the exact Onsager result for two dimensions and the numerical result for the three-dimensional Ising lattices. Although this conjecture is not exact, it gives insight into the nature of the transitions.
We have found a simple criterion which allows for the straightforward determination of the order-disorder critical temperatures. The method reproduces exactly known results for the two-dimensional Ising, Potts, and Z(N5) models. It also works for the Ising model on the triangular lattice. For systems that are not self-dual, our proposition remains an unproven conjecture. It predicts ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0.2656. . . for the two coupled layers of Ising spins. The critical temperature of the three-dimensional Ising model is related to the free energy of the two-layer Ising system.
The partition function of a three-dimensional Ising model was calculated by a high-speed computer for a cubic array of twenty-seven points. The periodicity condition was imposed. The specific heat of the 3×3×3 lattice was calculated as a function of temperature. The critical temperature estimated from the specific heat curve seems slightly lower that obtained from the Padé approximation. The zeros of the partition function of the complex temperature plane were also obtained. The critical temperature estimated from the zeros near the positive real axis seems slightly higher than both of the above values. Similar calculations were carried out for the case of the two-dimensional Ising model. Several results are compared with those obtained from Onsager's exact solution.
An approximation for calculating the thermodynamic properties of spin-\textonehalf{} Ising models is described. The method is based on the formulation of Kramers and Wannier for the square lattice, and involves expressing the free energy in terms of the limiting maximum eigenvalue of a matrix sequence which represents the contribution from a single spin of the lattice. The application of this formulation to various two- and three-dimensional lattices shows that many of these are characterized by an identically structured matrix sequence with exactly two nonvanishing elements in each row and column. To explore the potential of using this similarity and its simplicity for analyzing Ising models we consider the two-dimensional square lattice in an external field and approximate the doubly infinite lattice by a semi-infinite one consisting of $n (\ensuremath{\le}10)$ infinitely long rows. Calculations are carried out and compared with (1) Onsager's formula for the free energy, (2) the Onsanger-Yang formula for the spontaneous magnetization, and (3) values calculated from series. Except for the region around the critical point where the correlation length exceeds nnn lattice spacings, substantial agreement---to better than 12 places of decimals in some cases---is obtained. As an additional measure of the potential of this method, a value for the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is computed by the extrapolation of the magnetization along the critical isotherm. The result is found to be in excellent agreement with the known value for $\ensuremath{\delta}$.
The three-dimensional Ising model in a zero external field is exactly solved by operator algebras, similar to the Onsager’s approach in two dimensions. The partition function of the simple cubic crystal imposed by the periodic boundary condition along two directions and the screw boundary condition along the third direction is calculated rigorously. In the thermodynamic limit an integral replaces a sum in the formula of the partition function. The critical temperatures, at which order–disorder transitions in the infinite crystal occur along three axis directions, are determined. The analytical expressions for the internal energy and the specific heat are also presented.
Our aim is to investigate the critical behaviour of lattice spin models such as the three-dimensional Ising model in the thermodynamic limit. The exact partition functions (typically summed over the order of 1075 states) for finite simple cubic Ising lattices are computed using a transfer matrix approach. Q-state Potts model partition functions on two- and three-dimensional lattices are also computed and analysed. Our results are analysed as distributions of zeros of the partition function in the complex-temperature plane. We then look at sequences of such distributions for sequences of lattices approaching the thermodynamic limit. For a controlled comparison, we show how a sequence of zero distributions for finite 2d Ising lattices tends to Onsager’s thermodynamic solution. Via such comparisons, we find evidence to suggest, for example, a thermodynamic limit singular point in the behaviour of the specific heat of the 3d Ising model.
The Niemeijer-Van Leeuwen cumulant expansion is used in the renormalization-group analysis of the critical-point behavior of the Ising model. Second- and third-order results are obtained for the simple cubic and square lattices, respectively, for a variety of cell sizes, using a parameter-dependent renormalization transformation introduced by Kadanoff and Houghton. Although the results in two dimensions are in general good, there is no evidence of any convergence, with the best values for the critical exponents and critical temperature being given by the second-order theory. In three dimensions the values found for the critical temperature and magnetic scaling index for a cell of 27 spins are reasonable, but the corresponding thermal scaling index is quite poor.