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arXiv:gr-qc/0202009

Anisotropic quantum cosmological models: a discrepancy between many-worlds and dBB interpretations

Flávio Gimenes Alvarenga, A. B. Batista, J. C. Fabris, S. V. B. Gonçalves

Published Feb 4, 2002• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In the isotropic quantum cosmological perfect fluid model, the initial singularity can be avoided, while the classical behaviour is recovered asymptotically. We verify if initial anisotropies can also be suppressed in a quantum version of a classical anisotropic model where gravity is coupled to a perfect fluid. Employing a Bianchi I cosmological model, we obtain a "Schrödinger-like" equation where the matter variables play de role of time. This equation has a hyperbolic signature. It can be explicitly solved and a wave packet is constructed. The expectation value of the scale factor, evaluated in the spirit of the many-worlds interpretation, reveals an isotropic Universe. On the other hand, the bohmian trajectories indicate the existence of anisotropies. This is an example where the Bohm-de Broglie and the many-worlds interpretations are not equivalent. It is argued that this inequivalence is due to the hyperbolic structure of the "Schrödinger-like" equation.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0202009

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In the isotropic quantum cosmological perfect fluid model, the initial singularity can be avoided, while the classical behaviour is recovered asymptotically. We verify if initial anisotropies can also be suppressed in a quantum version of a classical anisotropic model where gravity is coupled to a perfect fluid. Employing a Bianchi I cosmological model, we obtain a "Schrödinger-like" equation where the matter variables play de role of time. This equation has a hyperbolic signature. It can be explicitly solved and a wave packet is constructed. The expectation value of the scale factor, evaluated in the spirit of the many-worlds interpretation, reveals an isotropic Universe. On the other hand, the bohmian trajectories indicate the existence of anisotropies. This is an example where the Bohm-de Broglie and the many-worlds interpretations are not equivalent. It is argued that this inequivalence is due to the hyperbolic structure of the "Schrödinger-like" equation.
We argue that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics cannot be applied to quantum cosmology. Among the alternative interpretations, we choose to apply the Bohm-de Broglie interpretation of quantum mechanics to canonical quantum cosmology. For minisuperspace models, we show that there is no problem of time in this interpretation, and that quantum effects can avoid the initial singularity, create inflation and isotropize the Universe. For the general case, it is shown that, irrespective of any regularization or choice of factor ordering of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, the unique relevant quantum effect which does not break spacetime is the change of its signature from lorentzian to euclidean. The other quantum effects are either trivial or break the four-geometry of spacetime. A Bohm-de Broglie picture of a quantum geometrodynamics is constructed, which allows the investigation of these latter structures.
The anisotropic Bianchi I cosmological model coupled with perfect fluid is quantized in the minisuperspace. The perfect fluid is described by using the Schutz formalism which allows to attribute dynamical degrees of freedom to matter. It is shown that the resulting model is non-unitary. This breaks the equivalence between the many-worlds and dBB interpretations of quantum mechanics. PACS number(s): 04.20.Cv., 04.20.Me The aim of this work is to study the anisotropic Bianchi I quantum cosmological model coupled to a perfect fluid described by the Schutz formalism[1, 2]. Hence, we start with the classical Lagrangian given by A = d M 4 x √ ∫ −gR + 2 d ∂M 3 x √ hhabK ab + d 4 x √ −gp (1) M where K ab is the extrinsic curvature, and hab is the induced metric over the three-dimensional spatial hypersurface, which is the boundary ∂M of the four dimensional manifold M; the factor 16πG is made equal to one. The first two terms were first obtained in the classical work of Arnowitt, Deser and Misner[3]; the last term of (1) represents the matter contribution to the total action in the Schutz’s formalism for perfect fluids, p being the pressure, which is linked to the energy density by the equation of state p = αρ. In the Schutz’s formalism[1, 2], the four-velocity is expressed in terms of five potentials ǫ, ζ, β, θ and S: Uν = 1 (ǫ,ν + ζβ,ν + θS,ν) (2) µ where µ is the specific enthalpy. The variable S is the specific entropy, while the potentials ζ and β are connected with rotation and are absent for FRW’s type models. The variables ǫ and θ have no clear physical meaning. The four velocity is subject to the condition U ν Uν = 1. (3) The metric describing a Bianchi I anisotropic model is given by
Recently it has been claimed that the Wheeler--DeWitt quantization of gravity is unable to avoid cosmological singularities. However, in order to make this assertion, one must specify the underlying interpretation of quantum mechanics which has been adopted. For instance, several nonsingular models were obtained in Wheeler--DeWitt quantum cosmology in the framework of the de Broglie--Bohm quantum theory. Conversely, there are specific situations where the singularity cannot be avoided in the framework of the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics. In these specific situations, the matter content is described by a scalar field, and the Wheeler--DeWitt equation looks like a Klein--Gordon equation. The aim of this work is to study a possible singular behavior of quantum cosmological models in which the matter content is described by a hydrodynamical perfect fluid, where the resulting wave equation is a genuine Schr\"odinger equation. In this case, it is shown that the conclusions of the consistent histories and the de Broglie--Bohm approaches coincide in the quantum cosmological models where the curvature of the spatial sections is not positive definite, namely, that the cosmological singularities are eliminated. In the case of positive spatial curvature, the family of histories is no longer consistent, and no conclusion can be given in this framework.
We review the main results that have been obtained in quantum cosmology from the perspective of the de Broglie-Bohm quantum theory. As it is a dynamical theory of assumed objectively real trajectories in the configuration space of the physical system under investigation, this quantum theory is not essentially probabilistic and dispenses the collapse postulate, turning it suitable to be applied to cosmology. In the framework of minisuperspace models, we show how quantum cosmological effects in the de-Broglie-Bohm's approach can avoid the initial singularity, and isotropize the Universe. We then extend minisuperspace in order to include linear cosmological perturbations. We present the main equations which govern the dynamics of quantum cosmological perturbations evolving in non-singular quantum cosmological backgrounds, and calculate some of their observational consequences. These results are not known how to be obtained in other approaches to quantum theory. In the general case of full superspace, we enumerate the possible structures of quantum space and time that emerge from the de Broglie-Bohm picture. Finally, we compare some of the results coming from the de Broglie-Bohm theory with other approaches, and discuss the physical reasons for some discrepancies that occur.