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arXiv:cond-mat/9803321

Fermions, Bosons, Anyons, Boltzmanions and Lie-Hopf Algebras

E. Celeghini

Published Mar 26, 1998• 0 citations
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Abstract

Usual quantum statistics is written in Fock space but it is not an algebraic theory. We show that at a deeper level it can be algebraically formalized defining the different statistics as (multi-mode) coherent states of the appropriate (but different from the usual ones) Lie-Hopf groups. The traditional connection between groups and statistics, established in vacuum, is indeed subverted by the interaction with the thermal bath. We show indeed that h(1), related in quantum field theory to bosons, must be used to define in presence of a bath the Boltzmann statistics while, to build the Bose statistics, we have to take into account su(1,1). Astonishing to describe fermions we are forced to use not the superalgebra h(1|1) but su(2) in the fundamental representation. Higher representations of su(2) allow also to give a possible definition of anyon statistics with generalized Pauli principle. Physical implications are discussed; the results is more general then the usual on the discrete spectrum, but everything collapses to standard theory when the continuum limit is performed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9803321

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Usual quantum statistics is written in Fock space but it is not an algebraic theory. We show that at a deeper level it can be algebraically formalized defining the different statistics as (multi-mode) coherent states of the appropriate (but different from the usual ones) Lie-Hopf groups. The traditional connection between groups and statistics, established in vacuum, is indeed subverted by the interaction with the thermal bath. We show indeed that h(1), related in quantum field theory to bosons, must be used to define in presence of a bath the Boltzmann statistics while, to build the Bose statistics, we have to take into account su(1,1). Astonishing to describe fermions we are forced to use not the superalgebra h(1|1) but su(2) in the fundamental representation. Higher representations of su(2) allow also to give a possible definition of anyon statistics with generalized Pauli principle. Physical implications are discussed; the results is more general then the usual on the discrete spectrum, but everything collapses to standard theory when the continuum limit is performed.
A recipe is given to reproduce algebraically the Bose prescription in Quantum Statistics. Bosons are thus defined as coherent states of the [Formula: see text] representation of the Lie-Hopf algebra su(1, 1), while h(1) is shown to be related to Boltzmann statistics. The technical power of group theory is used to show that black-body radiation formula as well as all other experimental results obtained in continuum limit do not require Bose distribution but are compatible with many other less symmetric ones. This may have dramatical effects on the predictions on Bose condensation.
The characteristic features of Bose-Einstein quantum statistics are derived resorting to the notion of coproduct associated with any Lie-Hopf structure and to generalized coherent states. It is shown that, while Boltzmann particles are well described by coherent states of h(1)h\left(1\right)h(1), orthodox bosons require the D1/2(+){D}_{1/2}^{\left(+\right)}D1/2(+)​ representation of SU(1,1). A whole class of inequivalent generalized bosons is then defined by multimode coherent states of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\mathrm{SU}}\left(1,1\right)$. Known experimental results are in agreement with our generalizations---as well as with the Bose hypothesis---but experiments with discrete spectra, such as the recent ones on Bose condensation, could discriminate among all these possibilities.
Generalized quantum statistics, such as paraboson and parafermion statistics, are characterized by triple relations which are related to Lie (super)algebras of type B. The correspondence of the Fock spaces of parabosons, parafermions as well as the Fock space of a system of parafermions and parabosons to irreducible representations of (super)algebras of type B will be pointed out. Example of generalized quantum statistics connected to the basic classical Lie superalgebra B(1|1) ≡ osp(3|2) with interesting physical properties, such as noncommutative coordinates, will be given. Therefore the article focuses on the question, addressed already in 1950 by Wigner: do the equation of motion determine the quantum mechanical commutation relation?
We discuss the connection between anyons (particles with fractional statistics) and deformed Lie algebras (quantum groups). After a brief review of the main properties of anyons, we present the details of the anyonic realization of all deformed classical Lie algebras in terms of anyonic oscillators. The deformation parameter of the quantum groups is directly related to the statistics parameter of the anyons. Such a realization is a direct generalization of the Schwinger construction in terms of fermions and is based on a sort of bosonization formula which yields the generators of the deformed algebra in terms of the undeformed ones. The entire procedure is well defined on two-dimensional lattices, but it can be consistently reduced also to one-dimensional chains.
We show that the theory of quantum statistical mechanics is a special model in the framework of the quantum probability theory developed by mathematicians, by extending the characteristic function in the classical probability theory to the quantum probability theory. As dynamical variables of a quantum system must respect certain commutation relations, we take the group generated by a Lie algebra constructed with these commutation relations as the bridge, so that the classical characteristic function defined in a Euclidean space is transformed to a normalized, non-negative definite function defined in this group. Indeed, on the quantum side, this group-theoretical characteristic function is equivalent to the density matrix; hence, it can be adopted to represent the state of a quantum ensemble. It is also found that this new representation may have significant advantages in applications. As two examples, we show its effectiveness and convenience in solving the quantum-optical master equation for a harmonic oscillator coupled with its thermal environment, and in simulating the quantum cat map, a paradigmatic model for quantum chaos. Other related issues are reviewed and discussed as well.
We realize the physical N-anyon Hilbert spaces, introduced previously via unitary representations of the group of diffeomorphisms of the plane, as N-fold braided-symmetric tensor products of the 1-particle Hilbert space. This perspective provides a convenient Fock space construction for nonrelativistic anyon quantum fields along the more usual lines of boson and fermion fields, but in a braided category, and clarifies how discrete (lattice) anyon fields relate to anyon fields in the continuum. We also see how essential physical information is encoded. In particular, we show how the algebraic structure of the anyonic Fock space leads to a natural anyonic exclusion principle related to intermediate occupation number statistics, and obtain the partition function for an idealized gas of fixed anyonic vortices.