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arXiv:cond-mat/9709068 · Physical Review Letters

Decay of superconducting and magnetic correlations in one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models

Tohru Koma, Hal Tasaki

Published May 25, 1992• 76 citations
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Abstract

In a general class of one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models, we prove upper bounds for the two-point correlation functions at finite temperatures for electrons, electron pairs, and spin. The upper bounds decay exponentially in one dimension, and with power laws in two dimensions. The bounds rule out the possibility of the corresponding condensation of superconducting electron pairs, and of the corresponding magnetic ordering. Our method is general enough to cover other models such as the t-J model.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.68.3248

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In a general class of one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models, we prove upper bounds for the two-point correlation functions at finite temperatures for electrons, electron pairs, and spin. The upper bounds decay exponentially in one dimension, and with power laws in two dimensions. The bounds rule out the possibility of the corresponding condensation of superconducting electron pairs, and of the corresponding magnetic ordering. Our method is general enough to cover other models such as the t-J model.
Magnetic and superconducting pairing correlation functions in a general class of Hubbard models, the t - J model and a single-band Hubbard model with additional bond - charge interaction are investigated. Some rigorous upper bounds of the corresponding correlation functions are obtained. It is found that the decay of the spin - spin correlation function with temperature in the general Hubbard models cannot be slower than the inverse square law at low temperatures and the inverse law at high temperatures, while the on-site pairing correlation function cannot be slower than the inverse law. An upper bound for the average energy of the t - J model is found. The upper bounds for the spin - spin and the electron pairing correlation functions in the t - J model as well as in the Hubbard model with bond - charge interaction are also obtained. These bounds are expected to provide certain standards for approximate methods. In some special cases, these bounds rule out the possibility of corresponding magnetic and pairing long-range order.
We study lattice superconductors coupled to gauge fields, such as an attractive Hubbard model in electromagnetic fields, with a standard gauge fixing. We prove upper bounds for a two-point Cooper pair correlation at finite temperatures in spatial dimensions D ≤ 4. The upper bounds decay exponentially in three dimensions and by power law in four dimensions. These imply the absence of the superconducting long-range order for the Cooper pair amplitude as a consequence of fluctuations of the gauge fields. Since our results hold for the gauge fixing Hamiltonian, they cannot be obtained as a corollary of Elitzur’s theorem.
For a class of tight-binding many-electron models on hypercubic lattices, the equal-time correlation functions at nonzero temperature are proved to decay exponentially in the distance between the center of positions of the electrons and the center of positions of the holes. The decay bounds hold in any space dimension in the thermodynamic limit if the interaction is sufficiently small depending on temperature. The proof is based on the U(1)-invariance property and volume-independent perturbative bounds of the finite dimensional Grassmann integrals formulating the correlation functions.
One-dimensional conductors are a long-standing topic of research with direct applications to organic conductors and mesoscopic rings. The discovery of the ceramic high-temperature superconductors has revitalized the interest in low-dimensional charge and spin fluctuations of highly correlated electron systems. Several mechanisms proposed to explain the high-T c superconductors invoke properties of the two-dimensional Hubbard model, but probably also some one-dimensional aspects are relevant. Numerous one-dimensional models for correlated electrons have been studied with various approximate, asymptotically exact and exact methods. These results lead to the concept of Luttinger liquid for interacting electron gases without excitation gaps (metallic systems). Characteristic of Luttinger liquids are the charge and spin separation, marginal Fermi liquid properties, e.g. the absence of quasiparticles in the vicinity of the Fermi surface, nonuniversal power-law singularities in the one-particle spectral function and the related absence of a discontinuity in the momentum distribution at the Fermi level, the power-law decay of correlation functions for long times and large distances, persistent currents in finite rings, etc. Due to the peculiarities of the phase space in one dimension some of the models have sufficient conserved currents to be completely integrable. We review exact results derived within the framework of Bethe's ansatz for integrable one-dimensional models of correlated electrons. The Bethe-ansatz method is presented by explicitly showing the steps leading to the solution of the N-component electron gas interacting via a δ-function potential (repulsive and attractive interaction), which is probably the simplest model of correlated electrons. Emphasis is given to the procedure to extract the groundstate properties, the classification of states, the excitation spectrum, the thermodynamics and finite size effects, such as critical exponents of correlation functions and persistent currents. The method is then applied to numerous other models, e.g. (i) a two-band model involving attractive and repulsive potentials and crystalline fields splitting the bands, (ii) the traditional Hubbard chain with attractive and repulsive U, (iii) the degenerate Hubbard model with repulsive U, which displays a metal–insulator transition at a finite U, (iv) a two-band Hubbard model with repulsive U, (v) the traditional supersymmetric t–J model (vi) a two-band supersymmetric t–J model with band-splitting and (vii) the N-component supersymmetric t–J model. Finally, results for models with long-range interactions, in particular r-2 and sinh -2(r) potentials, are briefly reviewed.
A linked cluster expansion of the Gutzwiller variational wave function is used to study the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard model; in parallel the variational results are compared with quantum Monte Carlo simulations on finite-size lattices. Detailed results are presented for the magnetic and pairing correlations as a function of wave vector, electron density, and interaction strength U. There is no sign for superconducting long-range order although both the d-wave and the extended s-wave pairing fluctuations are substantially enhanced as U increases.
A new method to investigate the two-point correlation function decay in a finite size random spin system and at finite temperatures is proposed. It is applicable to systems with cyclic boundary conditions and in any local or uniform magnetic field. The efficiency of this method is presented in the case of an isotropic XY spin glass model with Gaussian bond distribution in external field. Using unitary U(1) gauge transformation and operator inequalities we have obtained explicit upper bounds for generalized spin-glass susceptibility κ(T,R) that describes off-diagonal transverse magnetization in two dimensional random XY spin lattices at finite temperatures. It is found that the slowest possible decay for susceptibility in random XY spin glass is of the Kosterlitz–Thouless-type with power-law decay in 2D, and the exponential type in 1D, at low temperatures. These upper bounds rule out the possibility of the corresponding magnetic ordering in 1D and 2D isotropic XY spin glasses at finite temperatures.