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arXiv:cond-mat/9503113

A CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTUM HALL FLUIDS

Jürg Martin Fröhlich, Urban M. Studer, E. Thiran

Published Mar 20, 1995• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, the key ideas of characterizing universality classes of dissipation-free (incompressible) quantum Hall fluids by mathematical objects called quantum Hall lattices are reviewed. Many general theorems about the classification of quantum Hall lattices are stated and their physical implications are discussed. Physically relevant subclasses of quantum Hall lattices are defined and completely classified. The results are carefully compared with experimental data and also with other theoretical schemes (the hierarchy schemes). Several proposals for new experiments are made which could help to settle interesting issues in the theory of the (fractional) quantum Hall effect and thus would lead to a deeper understanding of this remarkable effect.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/9503113

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In this paper, the key ideas of characterizing universality classes of dissipation-free (incompressible) quantum Hall fluids by mathematical objects called quantum Hall lattices are reviewed. Many general theorems about the classification of quantum Hall lattices are stated and their physical implications are discussed. Physically relevant subclasses of quantum Hall lattices are defined and completely classified. The results are carefully compared with experimental data and also with other theoretical schemes (the hierarchy schemes). Several proposals for new experiments are made which could help to settle interesting issues in the theory of the (fractional) quantum Hall effect and thus would lead to a deeper understanding of this remarkable effect.
We show how two-dimensional incompressible quantum fluids and their excitations can be viewed as ${\mathit{W}}_{1+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ edge conformal field theories, thereby providing an algebraic characterization of incompressibility. The Kac-Radul representation theory of the ${\mathit{W}}_{1+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ algebra leads then to a purely algebraic complete classification of hierarchical quantum Hall states, which encompasses all measured fractions. Spin-polarized electrons in single-layer devices can only have Abelian anyon excitations.
The fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect illustrates the range of novel phenomena which can arise in a topologically ordered state in the presence of strong interactions. The possibility of realizing FQH-like phases in models with strong lattice effects has attracted intense interest as a more experimentally accessible venue for FQH phenomena which calls for more theoretical attention. Here we investigate the physical relevance of previously derived geometric conditions which quantify deviations from the Landau level physics of the FQHE. We conduct extensive numerical many-body simulations on several lattice models, obtaining new theoretical results in the process, and find remarkable correlation between these conditions and the many-body gap. These results indicate which physical factors are most relevant for the stability of FQH-like phases, a paradigm we refer to as the geometric stability hypothesis, and provide easily implementable guidelines for obtaining robust FQH-like phases in numerical or real-world experiments.
Considering each electron as a superposition of fictitious fractionally charged particles allows, with the help of a natural ansatz, a systematic identification and characterization of the incompressible quantum Hall states at noninteger filling factors. Explicit Laughlin-type wave functions are obtained for all the incompressible states and their quasiparticles. The order of stability of the various states predicted on the basis of physically plausible rules is in agreement with experiments. Although in principle all rational fractions are observable, these rules imply that the even-denominator fractions are in general much less stable than the odd-denominator ones.
1. Introduction 2. The Pauli Equation and its Symmetries {2.1} Gauge-Invariant Form of the Pauli Equation {2.2} Aharonov-Bohm Effect {2.3} Aharonov-Casher Effect 3. Gauge Invariance in Non-Relativistic Quantum Many-Particle Systems {3.1} Differential Geometry of the Background {3.2} Systems of Spinning Particles Coupled to External Electromagnetic and Geometric Fields {3.3} Moving Coordinates and Quantum-Mechanical Larmor Theorem 4. Some Key Effects Related to the U(1)×SU(2)U(1) \times SU(2)U(1)×SU(2) Gauge Invariance of Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics {4.1} ``Tidal'' Aharonov-Bohm and ``Geometric'' Aharonov-Casher Effects {4.2} Flux Quantization {4.3} Barnett and Einstein-deHaas Effects {4.4} Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect and London Theory of Superconductivity {4.5} Quantum Hall Effect 5. Scaling Limit of the Effective Action of Fermi Systems, and Classification of States of Non-Relativistic Matter 6. Scaling Limit of the Effective Action of a Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Quantum Fluid {6.1} Scaling Limit of the Effective Action {6.2} Linear Response Theory and Current Sum Rules {6.3} Quasi-Particle Excitations and a Spin-Singlet Electron Pairing Mechanism 7. Anomaly Cancellation and Algebras of Chiral Edge Currents in Two- Dimensional, Incompressible Quantum Fluids {7.1} Integer Quantum Hall Effect and Edge Currents {7.2} Edge Excitations in Spin-Polarized Quantum Hall Fluids 8. Classification of Incompressible Quantum Hall Fluids {8.1} QH Fluids and QH Lattices: Basic Concepts {8.2} A Dictionary Between the Physics of QH Fluids and the Mathematics of QH Lattices {8.3} Basic Invariants of Chiral QH Lattices (CQHLs) and their Physical Interpretations {8.4} General Theorems and Classification Results for CQHLs {8.5} Maximally Symmetric CQHLs {8.6} Summary and Physical Implications of the Classification Results
The quantum Hall effect is one of the most challenging problems in condensed matter physics in which many rare physical phenomena like fractional charges and generally the fractional statistics are involved. In the integer quantum Hall effect the role of the disorder is more than others. The important point in describing these systems is that their bulk states should be gapful and in this sense the system should be incompressible. For describing the electron condensates in an arbitrary filling fraction with the odd denominator one needs the topological U(1) Chern-Simons effective field theory. Our motivation for using these field theories is the emergence of quantized conductivity. This effective field theory also has the ability of constructing the hierarchical fractional condensates with various filling factors. The excitations of these theories have fractional statistics which are investigated in this review. The non-Abelian Chern-Simons for quantum Hall systems will be also investigated. The interesting point is that the edge states of these systems are gapless and their excitations are equipped with the Kac-Moody algebra. The connection to the conformal field theories can be established using this point. The investigation of this correspondence is one of the aims of the present thesis. The connection to the logarithmic conformal field theories (e.g. for the Haldane-Rezaei wave function) is also reported in some works which will be addressed in this thesis.
We show that there is an emergent lattice description for the continuous fractional quantum Hall (FQH) systems, with a generalized set of few-body coherent states. In particular, model Hamiltonians of the FQH effect (FQHE) are equivalent to the real-space von Neumann lattice of local projection operators imposed on a continuous system in the thermodynamic limit. It can be analytically derived that tuning local one-body potentials in such lattices amounts to the tuning of individual two- or few-body pseudopotentials. For some cases, we can realize pure few-body pseudopotentials important for stabilizing exotic non-Abelian topological phases. Thus, this new approach can potentially lead to the experimental realization of coveted non-Abelian quantum fluids including the Moore-Read state and the Fibonacci state. The reformulation of the FQHE as a sum of local projections opens up new paths for rigorously proving the incompressibility of microscopic Hamiltonians in the thermodynamic limit.