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arXiv:cond-mat/0609050 · Nature Physics

Quantum phase transitions of light

Andrew D. Greentree, Charles Tahan, Jared H. Cole, Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Published Nov 26, 2006• 788 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/nphys466

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In this paper we investigate a ground state quantum phase transition of nonlinear light in a generalized finite size Dicke model, which includes a Kerr-type nonlinear field term along with the counter-rotating interaction. The numerical solution is presented. We show that, in the ground state, the intracavity photons exhibit a third-order QPT from the bunching to the antibunching quantum phase. This phase transition stems from the competition between the atom-induced coupling and the effective photon–photon interaction. We also demonstrate that the general properties of the phase transition do not qualitatively alter by the size of the atomic ensemble and by the detuning between atoms and light, as well.
Quantum phase transition is an important subject in the field of quantum optics and condensed matter physics. In this work, we study the quantum phase transition of the two-mode Dicke model by using the nonlinear atom-light interaction introduced into the interaction between one mode light field and atom. The spin coherent variational method is used to study macroscopic multi-particle quantum systems. Firstly, the pseudo spin operator is diagonalized to obtain the variational fundamental state energy functional by means of spin coherent state transformation under the condition of coherent state light field. The energy functional is used to find the extreme value of the classical field variable, and the second derivative is determined to find the minimum value, and finally the exact solution of the ground state energy is given. Four different proportional relationships are used to study the two-mode optical field, and the rich structure of macroscopic multi-particle quantum states is given by adjusting atom-optical nonlinear interaction parameters under the experimental parameters. The abundant ground state properties such as bistable normal phase, coexisting normal-superradiation and atomic population inversion under blue and red detuning are presented. The nonlinear atom-light interaction causes blue detuning, and there is also a second-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiation phase in the standard two-mode Dicke model. In the case of red detuning, a novel and stable reversed superradiation phase also appears. With the increase of the coupling coefficient, the reversed superradiation phase is transformed into the reversed normal phase. The nonlinear interaction between atoms and light and the different ratio of two modes of light field have great influence on the phase boundary of quantum phase transition, and the region of quantum state, as shown in Fig. (a)–(d). When the nonlinear interaction takes two definite values, the curve of the ground state physical parameters changing with the coupling parameters of atoms and light also reflects the novel second-order inverse quantum phase transition from the reversed superradiation phase to the reversed normal phase in red detuning, as shown in Fig. (a1)–(d3).