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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Quantum phase transition of light in a finite size Dicke model with Kerr-type nonlinearity

Xiaoyong Guo, Zhongzhou Ren, Zimeng Chi

Published Apr 25, 2011• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we investigate a ground state quantum phase transition of nonlinear light in a generalized finite size Dicke model, which includes a Kerr-type nonlinear field term along with the counter-rotating interaction. The numerical solution is presented. We show that, in the ground state, the intracavity photons exhibit a third-order QPT from the bunching to the antibunching quantum phase. This phase transition stems from the competition between the atom-induced coupling and the effective photon–photon interaction. We also demonstrate that the general properties of the phase transition do not qualitatively alter by the size of the atomic ensemble and by the detuning between atoms and light, as well.

DOI
10.1364/josab.28.001245

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In this paper we investigate a ground state quantum phase transition of nonlinear light in a generalized finite size Dicke model, which includes a Kerr-type nonlinear field term along with the counter-rotating interaction. The numerical solution is presented. We show that, in the ground state, the intracavity photons exhibit a third-order QPT from the bunching to the antibunching quantum phase. This phase transition stems from the competition between the atom-induced coupling and the effective photon–photon interaction. We also demonstrate that the general properties of the phase transition do not qualitatively alter by the size of the atomic ensemble and by the detuning between atoms and light, as well.
We study the quantum phase transition of an N two-level system ensemble interacting with an optical degenerate parametric process, which can be described by the finite size Dicke Hamiltonian plus counter-rotating and quadratic field terms. Analytical closed forms of the critical coupling value and their corresponding separable ground states are derived in the weak and strong coupling regimes. The existence of bipartite entanglement between the two-level system ensemble and photon field as well as between ensemble components for moderate coupling is shown through numerical analysis. Given a finite size, our results also indicate the co-existence of squeezed fields and squeezed atomic ensembles.
When an atomic ensemble is coupled with a cavity field governed by the well-known Dicke model , an important quantum phase transition (QPT) from the normal phase to the superradiant phase occurs, which was predicted more than 30 years ago. In this paper, both the atom-photon nonlinear interaction and the driving field are added to the Dicke's Hamiltonian. With the method of Holstein-Primafoff transformation, the ground state energy is given by the theoretical calculation, and the rich phase figures are presented. Meanwhile, these properties are observed experimentally. We mainly dicuss the effects of the atom-photon nonlinear interaction and the driving field on QPT.
Quantum phase transition is an important subject in the field of quantum optics and condensed matter physics. In this work, we study the quantum phase transition of the two-mode Dicke model by using the nonlinear atom-light interaction introduced into the interaction between one mode light field and atom. The spin coherent variational method is used to study macroscopic multi-particle quantum systems. Firstly, the pseudo spin operator is diagonalized to obtain the variational fundamental state energy functional by means of spin coherent state transformation under the condition of coherent state light field. The energy functional is used to find the extreme value of the classical field variable, and the second derivative is determined to find the minimum value, and finally the exact solution of the ground state energy is given. Four different proportional relationships are used to study the two-mode optical field, and the rich structure of macroscopic multi-particle quantum states is given by adjusting atom-optical nonlinear interaction parameters under the experimental parameters. The abundant ground state properties such as bistable normal phase, coexisting normal-superradiation and atomic population inversion under blue and red detuning are presented. The nonlinear atom-light interaction causes blue detuning, and there is also a second-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiation phase in the standard two-mode Dicke model. In the case of red detuning, a novel and stable reversed superradiation phase also appears. With the increase of the coupling coefficient, the reversed superradiation phase is transformed into the reversed normal phase. The nonlinear interaction between atoms and light and the different ratio of two modes of light field have great influence on the phase boundary of quantum phase transition, and the region of quantum state, as shown in Fig. (a)–(d). When the nonlinear interaction takes two definite values, the curve of the ground state physical parameters changing with the coupling parameters of atoms and light also reflects the novel second-order inverse quantum phase transition from the reversed superradiation phase to the reversed normal phase in red detuning, as shown in Fig. (a1)–(d3).
A link to the Dicke-model type quantum phase transition (QPT) is established by considering a time-dependent driving of the atom-field coupling and nonlinear atom-photon interaction as well, which make a notable impact on the ground-state properties. Motivated by the recent pioneer experiment [K. Baumann, C. Guerlin, F. Brennecke, and T. Esslinger, Nature (London) 464, 1301 (2010)], in this paper we demonstrate theoretically a rich multistable structure and nonequilibrium QPTs in terms of the Floquet theory and generalized rotating wave approximation. The positive nonlinear interaction does not lead to the change of the order-parameter curve except for a slight shift of the critical point. However, an additional full atomic population of the excited state is generated by the negative interaction resulting in the coexistence region of normal and superradiant phases. When both driving and nonlinear interaction exist the single order-parameter curve of the superradiant phase spreads out and a wide area of multiple local minima emerges in addition.
We use the mean field approximation method to study the quantum phase transitions of the Jaynes-Cummings lattice model and the Rabi lattice model. The effective Hamiltonians are obtained for the JC and Rabi model including the Kerr nonlinear term. Numerically we diagonalized the Hamiltonian matrix and calculated the superfluidity order parameter and the two-photon correlation function by solving the iteration equations. We have explored the Mott insulating-superfluid quantum phase transition, the bunching-antibunching behavior of light, and the effect of Kerr nonlinear term on the quantum phase transition and photon statistical characteristics. Our results show that in the JC lattice model, by increasing J, a quantum phase transition takes place and the system is driven to a superfluid phase. The phase boundaries of the Mott lobes are N-dependent. However the photon will always be in a bunching statistical behavior irrelevant of the coupling strength between the two-level atom and the phonton and the nonlinear Kerr effect. In the Rabi lattice model, the anti-rotating wave term breaks Mott-lobe structure of the phase diagram and the increase of the two-level atom and photon interaction strength g and the photon transition strength J between the lattices drive the system from the Mott insulating phase to the superfluid phase. The photon statistical behavior changes from the bunching to the antibunching one when considering the anti-rotating wave term, which is important in the strongly coupled systems. Most interestingly, the increase of the Kerr nonlinear coefficient will inhibit the Mott insulating phase-superfluid phase transition, but favor the superfluid phase and the transition from the bunching to anti-bunching statistics.
Abstract In this article, we use the spin coherent state transformation and the ground state variational method to theoretically calculate the ground function. In order to consider the influence of the atom-atom interaction on the extended Dicke model’s ground state properties, the mean photon number, the scaled atomic population and the average ground energy are displayed. Using the self-consistent field theory to solve the atom-atom interaction, we discover the system undergoes a first-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiant phase, but a famous Dicke-type second-order quantum phase transition without the atom-atom interaction. Meanwhile, the atom-atom interaction makes the phase transition point shift to the lower atom-photon collective coupling strength.