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arXiv:cond-mat/0608562 · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Two-Tone Response in Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters

P. Caputo, J. Tomes, J. Oppenlander, Ch. Haussler, T. Trauble, Nils Schopohl

Published Jun 1, 2007• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We successfully exploit the parabolic shape of the dc voltage output dip around B = 0 of a superconducting quantum interference filter (SQIF) to mix weak external r f signals. The two-tone response of weak time harmonic electromagnetic fields has been detected on the spectral voltage output of the SQIF at frequency f0= f1- f2, for various frequencies f1and f2ranging from few MHz up to 20 GHz. The two-tone response is a characteristic function of static magnetic field B and of bias current Ib, related to the second derivative of the dc voltage output.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2007.898036

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We successfully exploit the parabolic shape of the dc voltage output dip around B = 0 of a superconducting quantum interference filter (SQIF) to mix weak external r f signals. The two-tone response of weak time harmonic electromagnetic fields has been detected on the spectral voltage output of the SQIF at frequency f0= f1- f2, for various frequencies f1and f2ranging from few MHz up to 20 GHz. The two-tone response is a characteristic function of static magnetic field B and of bias current Ib, related to the second derivative of the dc voltage output.
The authors demonstrate quadratic mixing of weak time harmonic electromagnetic fields applied to superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs), manufactured from high-Tc grain boundary Josephson junctions and operated in active microcooler. The authors use the parabolic shape of the dip in the dc voltage output around B=0 to mix quadratically two external rf signals, at frequencies f1 and f2 well below the Josephson frequency fJ, and detect the corresponding mixing signal at ∣f1−f2∣. Quadratic mixing also takes place when the SQIF is operated without magnetic shield. The experimental results are well described by a simple analytical model based on the adiabatic approximation.
Abstract Superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIF) are promising devices for radio frequency (RF) detection combining low noise, high sensitivity, large dynamic range and wide-band capabilities. Impressive progress has been made recently in the field, with SQIF based antennas and amplifiers showing interesting properties in the GHz range using the well-established Nb/AlO x technology. The possibility to extend these results to high temperature superconductors (HTS) is still open, and different techniques to fabricate HTS SQIFs compete to make RF devices. We report on the DC and RF response of a high temperature SQIF fabricated by the ion irradiation technique. It is made up of 1000 superconducting quantum interference devices in series, with loop areas randomly distributed between 6 and 60 μ m 2 . The DC transfer factor is ∼450 V T −1 at optimal bias and temperature, and the maximum voltage swing ∼2.5 mV. We show that such a SQIF detects RF signals up to 150 MHz. It presents linear characteristics for RF power spanning more than five decades, and non-linearities develop beyond P RF = −35 dBm in our set-up configuration. The second harmonic generation has been shown to be at a minimum at the functioning point in the whole range of frequencies. A model has been developed which captures the essential features of the SQIF RF response.
We have successfully developed a novel superconducting quantum interferometer based on Josephson junction networks with unconventional loop size distribution. For distinct theoretically determined distributions, the magnetic field B dependent dc voltage V(B) of the interferometer possesses a unique delta-peak like characteristics around B=0. Such devices are called Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (SQIFs). The unique voltage response of SQIFs allows novel applications, e.g., absolute magnetic field sensors, high speed logical switches and non hysteretic low noise amplifiers which can be directly connected to standard room temperature electronics. In this paper we present new experimental and theoretical results on high performance two dimensional Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (2D SQIFs). Such 2D SQIFs can be used as absolute magnetic field sensors. Our results indicate that due to the scaling behavior of the flux to voltage transfer function and the scaling of the white output noise, a highly sensitive absolute field sensor based on 2D SQIFs can be very small in size.
The superconducting quantum interference filter (SQIF) is a new type of superconducting device which has been recently proposed for highly sensitive magnetometers for absolute magnetic field measurements. It benefits of very high voltage-to-field response, which is, in contrast conventional dc SQUIDs, not periodical. The SQIF can also be used as a radiofrequency amplifier in a similar way as the dc SQUID that can operate in a gigahertz frequency range. We designed a series type of SQIF amplifier that is compatible to conventional YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO) technology on bicrystal substrates. We present analytical, numerical and scale modeling as well as first electrical measurements results at frequencies up to 10 GHz. The SQIF array consists of 50 loops with randomly distributed areas from 0.5 to 1.5 times of . We also compared it to the regular array of conventional SQUIDs with the same loop areas. We have additional dc contacts to each 5-th SQUIDs and the SQIFs for control and comparison. Devices are fabricated using Josephson junctions with 3 mum width formed in YBCO over 24/24 and 12/12 degrees grain boundaries in yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) bicrystal substrates.
We have been developing superconducting microwave (8-15 GHz bandwidth) magnetic field receiving antennas based on a two-dimensional (2D) Superconducting Quantum Interference Filter (SQIF) composed of bi-SQUID arrays. The 2D arrays are designed and fabricated using standard HYPRES niobium 4.5 kA/cm2process. The designed non-uniformity in inductances of bi-SQUID cells produces a pronounced zero-field antipeak in the flux-voltage response curve. We select the active antenna operation point by applying an appropriate dc flux bias current to set it in the middle of the antipeak linear slope. We measured comparative responses of the antenna with the SQIF dc bias at ON and OFF states when irradiated by a microwave signal from four different conventional planar ring and patch antennas placed in the near field.
We have studied superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs) based on bicrystal neodymium gallate substrates, which can be used in the microwave frequency range. The characteristics of a serial SQIF have been compared for the first time with those of a single superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and a chain of serially connected SQUIDs with equal areas of superconducting loops. The regime of SQIF operation with a voltage-flux ( V -Φ) characteristic determined by the magnetic-field dependence of the critical current in the Josephson junction has been analyzed. It is shown that the output noise of a SQIF measured with a cooled amplifier in the 1–2 GHz range is determined by the slope of the V -Φ characteristic. The influence of a spread in the parameters of Josephson junctions in the SQIF on the integral V -Φ characteristic of the whole structure is considered.