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arXiv:cond-mat/0606099 · Physical Review Letters

Spontaneous Spin Textures in Dipolar Spinor Condensates

S. Yi, Han Pu

Published Jul 10, 2006• 117 citations
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Abstract

We have mapped out a detailed phase diagram that shows the ground state structure of a spin-1 condensate with magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. We show that the interplay between the dipolar and the spin-exchange interactions induces a rich variety of quantum phases that exhibit spontaneous magnetic ordering in the form of intricate spin textures.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.97.020401

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We have mapped out a detailed phase diagram that shows the ground state structure of a spin-1 condensate with magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. We show that the interplay between the dipolar and the spin-exchange interactions induces a rich variety of quantum phases that exhibit spontaneous magnetic ordering in the form of intricate spin textures.
We study the spontaneous spin textures induced by magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in ferromagnetic spinor condensates under various trap geometries. At the mean-field level, we show the system is dual to a Dirac string gas with a negative string tension in which the ground state spin texture can be easily determined. We find that three-dimensional condensates prefer a meronlike vortex texture, quasi-one-dimensional condensates prefer the axially polarized flare texture, while condensates in quasi-two-dimensions exhibit either a meron texture or an in-plane polarized texture.
Under many circumstances, the only important two-body interaction between atoms in ultracold dilute atomic vapors is the short-ranged isotropic s-wave collision. Recent studies have shown, however, that situations may arise where the dipolar interaction between atomic magnetic or electric dipole moments can play a significant role. The long-range anisotropic nature of the dipolar interaction greatly enriches the static and dynamic properties of ultracold atoms. In the case of dipolar spinor condensates, the interplay between the dipolar interaction and the spin exchange interaction may lead to nontrivial spin textures. Here we pay particular attention to the spin vortex state that is analogous to the magnetic vortex found in thin magnetic films.
We study the semiclassical dynamics of a spinor condensate with the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction included. The time evolution of the population imbalance and the relative phase among different spin components depend greatly on the relative strength of interactions as well as on the initial conditions. The interplay of spin-exchange and dipole–dipole interaction makes it possible to manipulate the atomic population on different components, leading to the phenomena of spontaneous magnetization and macroscopic quantum self-trapping. A simple estimate demonstrates that these effects are accessible and controllable by modifying the geometry of the trapping potential.
Helical spin textures in a 87Rb F=1 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate are found to decay spontaneously toward a spatially modulated structure of spin domains. The formation of this modulated phase is ascribed to magnetic dipolar interactions that energetically favor the short-wavelength domains over the long-wavelength spin helix. The reduction of dipolar interactions by a sequence of rf pulses results in a suppression of the modulated phase, thereby confirming the role of dipolar interactions in this process. This study demonstrates the significance of magnetic dipole interactions in degenerate 87Rb F=1 spinor gases.