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arXiv:cond-mat/0605393 · Physical Review A

Bose-Einstein condensates in rf-dressed adiabatic potentials

Matthew White, Huogui Gao, Matthew Pasienski, Brian DeMarco

Published Aug 21, 2006• 58 citations
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Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensates of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms are transferred into radio-frequency induced adiabatic potentials and the properties of the corresponding dressed states are explored. We report on measurements of the spin composition of dressed condensates. We also show that adiabatic potentials can be used to trap atom gases in novel geometries, including suspending a cigar-shaped cloud above a curved sheet of atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.74.023616

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•Jan 1, 2006•2 citations
Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms are transferred into radio-frequency induced adiabatic potentials and the properties of the corresponding dressed states are explored. We report on measurements of the spin composition of dressed condensates. We also show that adiabatic potentials can be used to trap atom gases in novel geometries, including suspending a cigar-shaped cloud above a curved sheet of atoms.
We study dressed Bose-Einstein condensates in an atom chip radio-frequency trap. We show that in this system sufficiently strong dressing can be achieved to cause the widely used rotating-wave approximation (RWA) to break down. We present a full calculation of the atom-field coupling which shows that the non-RWA contributions quantitatively alter the shape of the emerging dressed adiabatic potentials. The non-RWA contributions furthermore lead to additional allowed transitions between dressed levels. We use rf spectroscopy of Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in the dressed state potentials to directly observe the transition from the RWA to the beyond-RWA regime.
We experimentally investigate the properties of radio-frequency-dressed potentials for Bose-Einstein condensates on atom chips. The three-dimensional potential forms a connected pair of parallel waveguides. We show that rf-dressed potentials are robust against the effect of small magnetic-field variations on the trap potential. Long-lived dipole oscillations of condensates induced in the rf-dressed potentials can be tuned to a remarkably low damping rate. We study a beam splitter for Bose-Einstein condensates and show that a propagating condensate can be dynamically split in two vertically separated parts and guided along two paths. The effect of gravity on the potential can be tuned and compensated for using a rf-field gradient.
The dynamics of atom trapping in a radio-frequency-dressed-state potential formed by static and radio frequency (rf) fields has been studied using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique. Using the simulations, a case of formation of a toroidal trap for cold 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb atoms is investigated for atoms trapped in a static quadrupole magnetic trap and exposed to an rf-field with temporally increasing amplitude and decreasing frequency. We first calculate the adiabatic rf-dressed potential for an atom interacting with these fields and then apply DSMC algorithm to simulate the motion of the atom in this time dependent adiabatic potential. In the simulations the Landau-Zener (LZ) transition probability is calculated to know if the atom is in the trappable or untrappable dressed state. The results show that, initially at lower rf-field strength, the rf-field ejects atoms from the trap and leads to evaporative cooling of the atom cloud. However at higher rf-field strength, the atoms make LZ transition to the trappable dressed state which results in a toroidal shape to the atom cloud. The results of numerical simulations show a qualitative agreement with the experimental observations.
We load a Bose-Einstein condensate into a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice altered through the use of radio-frequency (rf) dressing. The rf resonantly couples the three levels of the 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb F=1F=1F=1 manifold and combines with a spin-dependent ``bare'' optical lattice to result in adiabatic potentials of variable shape, depth, and spatial frequency content. We choose dressing parameters such that the altered lattice is stable over lifetimes exceeding tens of ms at higher depths than in previous work. We observe significant differences between the BEC momentum distributions of the dressed lattice as compared to the bare lattice, and find general agreement with a 1D band-structure calculation informed by the dressing parameters. Previous work using such lattices was limited by very shallow dressed lattices and strong Landau-Zener tunneling loss between adiabatic potentials, equivalent to failure of the adiabatic criterion. In this work we operate with significantly stronger rf coupling (increasing the avoided-crossing gap between adiabatic potentials), observing dressed lifetimes of interest for optical lattice-based analog solid-state physics.
We have investigated the atom trapping geometry for trapping of 87Rb^{87}{Rb}87Rb atoms in a radio-frequency (rf) dressed potential generated after superposing a strong linearly polarized rf-field on a static magnetic trap. For this, laser cooled atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber (pressure ∼\sim∼ 1.5 ×\times× 10−1010^{-10}10−10 Torr) were trapped in a quadrupole magnetic trap and evaporatively cooled before transferring them to the rf-dressed potential. The experimentally observed hollow shell type atom trapping geometry has been explained by theoretical modelling of the trapping potential.
A combination of radio frequency radiation and magnetic field gradients was used to\ntrap atoms in dressed states. In a magnetic field with a quadrupole minimum, RF\nfields resonant with the (|F,mf i) |1,−1i ! |1, 0i transition trapped the atoms on\nthe surface of a sphere, and gravity caused the atoms to pool at the bottom of the\nsphere. BECs were transferred into this dressed Zeeman trap with 100% efficiency,\nwith lifetimes of up to 30 s, and trapping frequencies of up to 250 Hz were measured.\nA hard disk platter with a specially written magnetic pattern was used to generate\nmagnetic fields to confine atoms tightly. Detrimental interactions with the surface\nwere avoided by using an extremely thin film with a large magnetic remnant. BECs\nof up to 5×104 atoms were produced in cigar shaped traps 40 µm above the surface,\nand trap frequencies up to 5 kHz were measured. After evaporation, condensed clouds\nmoved closer to the surface to probe imperfections in the magnetic potential, revealing\ndefects at distances closer than 35 µm. Finally, BECs were dropped from a height of\n350 µm in an attempt to achieve specular reflection, but a large amount of dispersion\nwas observed.\nFinally, BECs were loaded into a three-dimensional optical lattice, and a quantum\nphase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator was observed. Using microwave\nspectroscopy, the density dependent “clock shift” was was found to depend on the\noccupation number of the wells. The singly occupied lattice sites were then investigated\nas an atomic clock system with no density shift. Linewidths as small as 1 Hz\nFWHM out of 6.8 GHz are comparable to current atomic frequency standards.