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arXiv:1407.0572 · Physical Review A

Observations of λ/4 structure in a low-loss radio-frequency-dressed optical lattice

Nathan E. Lundblad, Saad J Ansari, Yanliang Guo, Edward Moan

Published Nov 10, 2014• 11 citations
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Abstract

We load a Bose-Einstein condensate into a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice altered through the use of radio-frequency (rf) dressing. The rf resonantly couples the three levels of the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ $F=1$ manifold and combines with a spin-dependent ``bare'' optical lattice to result in adiabatic potentials of variable shape, depth, and spatial frequency content. We choose dressing parameters such that the altered lattice is stable over lifetimes exceeding tens of ms at higher depths than in previous work. We observe significant differences between the BEC momentum distributions of the dressed lattice as compared to the bare lattice, and find general agreement with a 1D band-structure calculation informed by the dressing parameters. Previous work using such lattices was limited by very shallow dressed lattices and strong Landau-Zener tunneling loss between adiabatic potentials, equivalent to failure of the adiabatic criterion. In this work we operate with significantly stronger rf coupling (increasing the avoided-crossing gap between adiabatic potentials), observing dressed lifetimes of interest for optical lattice-based analog solid-state physics.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.90.053612

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We load a Bose-Einstein condensate into a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice altered through the use of radio-frequency (rf) dressing. The rf resonantly couples the three levels of the 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb F=1F=1F=1 manifold and combines with a spin-dependent ``bare'' optical lattice to result in adiabatic potentials of variable shape, depth, and spatial frequency content. We choose dressing parameters such that the altered lattice is stable over lifetimes exceeding tens of ms at higher depths than in previous work. We observe significant differences between the BEC momentum distributions of the dressed lattice as compared to the bare lattice, and find general agreement with a 1D band-structure calculation informed by the dressing parameters. Previous work using such lattices was limited by very shallow dressed lattices and strong Landau-Zener tunneling loss between adiabatic potentials, equivalent to failure of the adiabatic criterion. In this work we operate with significantly stronger rf coupling (increasing the avoided-crossing gap between adiabatic potentials), observing dressed lifetimes of interest for optical lattice-based analog solid-state physics.
We load cold atoms into an optical lattice dramatically reshaped by radio-frequency coupling of state-dependent lattice potentials. This radio-frequency dressing changes the unit cell of the lattice at a subwavelength scale, such that its curvature and topology departs strongly from that of a simple sinusoidal lattice potential. Radio-frequency dressing has previously been performed at length scales from mm to tens of mum, but not at the single-optical-wavelength scale. At this length scale significant coupling between adiabatic potentials leads to nonadiabatic transitions, which we measure as a function of lattice depth and dressing amplitude. We also investigate the dressing by measuring changes in the momentum distribution of the dressed states.
We show how it is possible to more than double the on-site interaction energy of neutral atoms in optical potentials by the technique of radio-frequency (rf) dressing, while maintaining interwell dynamics. We calculate Bose-Hubbard parameters for rf-dressed optical lattices and arrays of rf-dressed dipole traps. We show that decreasing the distance between wells, by the interpolation of wells confining different mF{m}_{F}mF​ states, increases the interaction energy more than decreasing the height of the classically forbidden region between existing wells. The schemes we propose have negligible Landau-Zener losses caused by atomic motion; this was a dominant effect in the first experimental demonstration of the modification of an optical potential by radio-frequency dressing.
We study dressed Bose-Einstein condensates in an atom chip radio-frequency trap. We show that in this system sufficiently strong dressing can be achieved to cause the widely used rotating-wave approximation (RWA) to break down. We present a full calculation of the atom-field coupling which shows that the non-RWA contributions quantitatively alter the shape of the emerging dressed adiabatic potentials. The non-RWA contributions furthermore lead to additional allowed transitions between dressed levels. We use rf spectroscopy of Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in the dressed state potentials to directly observe the transition from the RWA to the beyond-RWA regime.
We study the effect of strong radio-frequency (rf) fields on a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of chromium atoms, in a regime where the rf frequency is much larger than the Larmor frequency. We use the modification of the Land\'e factor by the rf field to bring all Zeeman states to degeneracy, despite the presence of a static magnetic field of up to 100mG100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mG}100mG. This is demonstrated by analyzing the trajectories of the atoms under the influence of dressed magnetic potentials in the strong-field regime. We investigate the problem of adiabaticity of the rf dressing process and relate it to how close the dressed states are to degeneracy. Finally, we measure the lifetime of the rf dressed BECs and identify a rf-assisted two-body loss process induced by dipole-dipole interactions.
We have created stable sodium Bose-Einstein condensates in the $|F=1,{m}_{F}=\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state in a one-dimensional optical lattice with a lifetime of 102 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 42 s, which is limited by the photon scattering rate. The condensates were transferred to the upper hyperfine FFF === 2 state and the one-body and two-body loss rates were examined. Condensates in the $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state were transferred in the optical lattice from the initially prepared condensates using a two-photon microwave--radio-frequency pulse. The two-body loss coefficients in the $|2,0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ states were found to be (2.1 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.4) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ and (7.7 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.0) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm3{}^{3}3 s${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. The lifetime of the $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ state was 15 ms at the initial density of 5 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 1014{}^{14}14 atoms/cm3{}^{3}3. We constructed a Ramsey atom interferometer using BECs in the $|1,\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{\rangle}$, and $|2,1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ states with an interrogation time of 2 ms in the optical lattice.
Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms are transferred into radio-frequency induced adiabatic potentials and the properties of the corresponding dressed states are explored. We report on measurements of the spin composition of dressed condensates. We also show that adiabatic potentials can be used to trap atom gases in novel geometries, including suspending a cigar-shaped cloud above a curved sheet of atoms.