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arXiv:cond-mat/0604623 · Physical Review B

Optically controlled spin glasses in multiqubit cavity systems

Timothy Jarrett, Chiu Fan Lee, Neil F. Johnson

Published Sep 6, 2006• 13 citations
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Abstract

Recent advances in nanostructure fabrication and optical control suggest that it will soon be possible to prepare collections of interacting two-level systems (i.e., qubits) within an optical cavity. Here we show theoretically that such systems could exhibit phase transition phenomena involving spin-glass phases. By contrast with traditional realizations using magnetic solids, these phase transition phenomena are associated with both matter and radiation subsystems. Moreover the various phase transitions should be tunable simply by varying the matter-radiation coupling strength.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.74.121301

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Recent advances in nanostructure fabrication and optical control suggest that it will soon be possible to prepare collections of interacting two-level systems (i.e., qubits) within an optical cavity. Here we show theoretically that such systems could exhibit phase transition phenomena involving spin-glass phases. By contrast with traditional realizations using magnetic solids, these phase transition phenomena are associated with both matter and radiation subsystems. Moreover the various phase transitions should be tunable simply by varying the matter-radiation coupling strength.
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Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia Condensed matter physics studies complex systems of interacting particles to understand macroscopic and emergent phenomena of those systems. In general, sample perfection and homogeneity are critical to the observation of most many-body effects. Conversely, quantum optics has conventionally looked at interactions between some of the most perfect and isolated systems available, for example monochromatic optical fields and single atoms. The perfection and control of large ensembles of strongly interacting particles is extending to levels of uniformity never before reached, although often with only global control and readout, while quantum optical techniques are now increasingly allowing the treatment of systems of increasing complexity, but with the added advantage of local control and readout. Coupled cavity systems are ideally placed to straddle this gap of scales, i.e., local control of small systems vs global control of large systems, to give insight into both fields. Systems of interacting photons in coupled cavities have been predicted to show quantum phase transitions (QPTs), and may be important as quantum simulators of complex dynamics. But the nature of the interactions is subtly different from more conventional condensed matter models. Here we describe the emergence of Hubbard-like dynamics in coupled cavity systems spanning finite to infinite structures, the nature of the excitations involved, how these coupled cavity systems can be understood as the optical analog of a solid-state system, and prospects for structures that can be fabricated to demonstrate the required interactions.
We review the recent developments and the current status in the field of quantum-gas cavity QED. Since the first experimental demonstration of atomic self-ordering in a system composed of a Bose–Einstein condensate coupled to a quantized electromagnetic mode of a high-Q optical cavity, the field has rapidly evolved over the past decade. The composite quantum-gas-cavity systems offer the opportunity to implement, simulate, and experimentally test fundamental solid-state Hamiltonians, as well as to realize non-equilibrium many-body phenomena beyond conventional condensed-matter scenarios. This hinges on the unique possibility to design and control in open quantum environments photon-induced tunable-range interaction potentials for the atoms using tailored pump lasers and dynamic cavity fields. Notable examples range from Hubbard-like models with long-range interactions exhibiting a lattice-supersolid phase, over emergent magnetic orderings and quasicrystalline symmetries, to the appearance of dynamic gauge potentials and non-equilibrium topological phases. Experiments have managed to load spin-polarized as well as spinful quantum gases into various cavity geometries and engineer versatile tunable-range atomic interactions. This led to the experimental observation of spontaneous discrete and continuous symmetry breaking with the appearance of soft-modes as well as supersolidity, density and spin self-ordering, dynamic spin-orbit coupling, and non-equilibrium dynamical self-ordered phases among others. In addition, quantum-gas-cavity setups offer new platforms for quantum-enhanced measurements. In this review, starting from an introduction to basic models, we pedagogically summarize a broad range of theoretical developments and put them in perspective with the current and near future state-of-art experiments.
Recent studies of strongly interacting atoms and photons in optical cavities have rekindled interest in the Dicke model of atomic qubits coupled to discrete photon cavity modes. We study the multimode Dicke model with variable atom-photon couplings. We argue that a quantum spin-glass phase can appear, with a random linear combination of the cavity modes superradiant. We compute atomic and photon spectral response functions across this quantum phase transition, both of which should be accessible in experiments.