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arXiv:cond-mat/0507480 · Physical Review A

Nonperturbative dynamical many-body theory of a Bose-Einstein condensate

Thomas Gasenzer, Jürgen Berges, Michael G. Schmidt, Marcos Seco

Published Dec 5, 2005• 73 citations
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Abstract

A dynamical many-body theory is presented which systematically extends beyond mean-field and perturbative quantum-field theoretical procedures. It allows us to study the dynamics of strongly interacting quantum-degenerate atomic gases. The nonperturbative approximation scheme is based on a systematic expansion of the two-particle irreducible effective action in powers of the inverse number of field components. This yields dynamic equations which contain direct scattering, memory, and ``off-shell'' effects that are not captured by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. This is relevant to account for the dynamics of, e.g., strongly interacting quantum gases atoms near a scattering resonance, or of one-dimensional Bose gases in the Tonks-Girardeau regime. We apply the theory to a homogeneous ultracold Bose gas in one spatial dimension. Considering the time evolution of an initial state far from equilibrium we show that it quickly evolves to a nonequilibrium quasistationary state and discuss the possibility to attribute an effective temperature to it. The approach to thermal equilibrium is found to be extremely slow.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.063604

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A dynamical many-body theory is presented which systematically extends beyond mean-field and perturbative quantum-field theoretical procedures. It allows us to study the dynamics of strongly interacting quantum-degenerate atomic gases. The nonperturbative approximation scheme is based on a systematic expansion of the two-particle irreducible effective action in powers of the inverse number of field components. This yields dynamic equations which contain direct scattering, memory, and ``off-shell'' effects that are not captured by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. This is relevant to account for the dynamics of, e.g., strongly interacting quantum gases atoms near a scattering resonance, or of one-dimensional Bose gases in the Tonks-Girardeau regime. We apply the theory to a homogeneous ultracold Bose gas in one spatial dimension. Considering the time evolution of an initial state far from equilibrium we show that it quickly evolves to a nonequilibrium quasistationary state and discuss the possibility to attribute an effective temperature to it. The approach to thermal equilibrium is found to be extremely slow.
The dynamical evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a one-dimensional lattice potential is investigated theoretically in the framework of the Bose-Hubbard model. The emphasis is set on the far-from-equilibrium evolution in a case where the gas is strongly interacting. This is realized by an appropriate choice of the parameters in the Hamiltonian, and by starting with an initial state, where one lattice well contains a Bose-Einstein condensate while all other wells are empty. Oscillations of the condensate as well as noncondensate fractions of the gas between the different sites of the lattice are found to be damped as a consequence of the collisional interactions between the atoms. Functional integral techniques involving self-consistently determined mean fields as well as two-point correlation functions are used to derive the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) effective action. The action is expanded in inverse powers of the number of field components N\mathcal{N}N, and the dynamic equations are derived from it to next-to-leading order in this expansion. This approach reaches considerably beyond the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory, and its results are compared to the exact quantum dynamics obtained by Rey et al. [Phys. Rev. A 69, 033610 (2004)] for small atom numbers.
We investigate the conditions under which quantum fluctuations are relevant for the quantitative interpretation of experiments with ultracold Bose gases. This requires to go beyond the description in terms of the Gross-Pitaevskii and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theories, which can be obtained as classical (statistical) field-theory approximations of the quantum many-body problem. We employ functional-integral techniques based on the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action. The role of quantum fluctuations is studied within the nonperturbative 2PI 1∕N1∕\mathcal{N}1∕N expansion to next-to-leading order. At this accuracy level memory integrals enter the dynamic equations, which differ for quantum and classical statistical descriptions. This can be used to obtain a classicality condition for the many-body dynamics. We exemplify this condition by studying the nonequilibrium evolution of a one-dimensional Bose gas of sodium atoms, and discuss some distinctive properties of quantum versus classical statistical dynamics.
Recent experiments have been moving ever closer to the goal of creating cold quantum-degenerate Bose gases in one and two dimensional systems. In this thesis we investigate such systems by adapting the mean-field theories used so successfully to describe Bose-Einstein condensates in the three dimensional case. We find that the key to describing the low dimensional systems lies in an accurate description of the interactions within those systems. In three dimensions the interactions may be well approximated by a simple form in which atoms are assumed to interact in a vacuum. Many-body effects on the scattering then lead to only a small perturbation. However, in one and two dimensions we find that the inclusion of many-body effects on the scattering is crucial, even for a first order calculation. We use a many-body T-matrix to describe the interactions, and develop a simple approximation in the zero-temperature limit that involves the off-shell two-body T-matrix evaluated at a shifted interaction energy. We therefore derive expressions for the off-shell two-body T-matrix in one, two, and three dimensions, and so find expressions for the coupling parameters which describe interactions in one and two dimensional Bose gases. These lead to interaction terms in the one and two dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equations which differ significantly from the three dimensional case. We present numerical solutions of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in both one and two dimensions, and in one dimension we find that the results are in agreement with exact results in the extreme limits of the interaction strength. We also investigate higher order theories in the one-dimensional case, with a view to describing the cross-over from a weakly-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate to a quasicondensate as the interactions become stronger. Finally, we study the Bogoliubov-de Gennes excitation spectrum for a one dimensional condensate containing solitons. We show that it has an anomalous mode with a negative energy, and that this represents the collective motion of the soliton relative to the background condensate. (author)
We present a detailed derivation of the quantum and quantum–thermal effective action for non-relativistic systems, starting from the single-particle case and extending to the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) field theory for weakly interacting bosons. In the single-particle framework, we introduce the one-particle-irreducible (1PI) effective action formalism, taking explicitly into account the choice of the initial quantum state, its saddle-point plus Gaussian-fluctuation approximation, and its finite-temperature extension via Matsubara summation, yielding a clear physical interpretation in terms of zero-point and thermal contributions to the Helmholtz free energy. The formalism is then applied to the GP action, producing the 1PI effective potential at zero and finite temperature, including beyond-mean-field Lee–Huang–Yang and thermal corrections. We discuss the gapless and gapped Bogoliubov spectra, their relevance to equilibrium and non-equilibrium regimes, and the role of regularization. Applications include the inclusion of an external potential within the local density approximation, the derivation of finite-temperature Josephson equations, and the extension to D-dimensional systems, with particular attention to the zero-dimensional limit. This unified approach provides a transparent connection between microscopic quantum fluctuations and effective macroscopic equations of motion for Bose–Einstein condensates.
We introduce a time-dependent projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation to describe a partially condensed homogeneous Bose gas, and find that this equation will evolve randomized initial wave functions to equilibrium. We compare our numerical data to the predictions of a gapless, second order theory of Bose-Einstein condensation [S. A. Morgan, J. Phys. B 33, 3847 (2000)], and find that we can determine a temperature when the theory is valid. As the Gross-Pitaevskii equation is nonperturbative, we expect that it can describe the correct thermal behavior of a Bose gas as long as all relevant modes are highly occupied. Our method could be applied to other boson fields.