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arXiv:cond-mat/0411637 · New Journal of Physics

Pairing and superconductivity from weak to strong coupling in the attractive Hubbard model

A. Toschi, Paolo Barone, Massimo Capone, Claudio Castellani

Published Jan 14, 2005• 100 citations
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Abstract

The finite-temperature phase diagram of the attractive Hubbard model is studied by means of the dynamical mean-field theory. We first consider the normal phase of the model by explicitly frustrating the superconducting ordering. In this case, we obtain a first-order pairing transition between a metallic phase and a paired phase formed by strongly coupled incoherent pairs. The transition line ends in a finite temperature critical point, but a crossover between two qualitatively different solutions still occurs at higher temperature. Comparing the superconducting- and the normal-phase solutions, we find that the superconducting instability always occurs before the pairing transition in the normal phase, i.e. T c > T pairing . Nevertheless, the high-temperature phase diagram at T > T c is still characterized by a crossover from a metallic phase to a preformed pair phase. We characterize this crossover by computing different observables that can be used to identify the pseudogap region, like the spin susceptibility, the specific heat and the single-particle spectral function.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/007

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The finite-temperature phase diagram of the attractive Hubbard model is studied by means of the dynamical mean-field theory. We first consider the normal phase of the model by explicitly frustrating the superconducting ordering. In this case, we obtain a first-order pairing transition between a metallic phase and a paired phase formed by strongly coupled incoherent pairs. The transition line ends in a finite temperature critical point, but a crossover between two qualitatively different solutions still occurs at higher temperature. Comparing the superconducting- and the normal-phase solutions, we find that the superconducting instability always occurs before the pairing transition in the normal phase, i.e. T c > T pairing . Nevertheless, the high-temperature phase diagram at T > T c is still characterized by a crossover from a metallic phase to a preformed pair phase. We characterize this crossover by computing different observables that can be used to identify the pseudogap region, like the spin susceptibility, the specific heat and the single-particle spectral function.
We study the attractive Hubbard model within the dynamical mean-field theory, to elucidate how the pseudogap and superconductivity at strong attractive interaction are related to those found in the repulsive Hubbard model, and thereby to bridge cold fermions and cuprate high-temperature superconductors from a microscopic point of view. We propose that a unified understanding is obtained by investigating single-particle excitation dynamics, in which emergent and hidden fermions coupled to quasiparticles consistently account for the numerical results in both attractive and repulsive cases. In the attractive case, the quasiparticle dynamics is observable by virtually breaking a tightly bound pair, where we find two qualitatively different regions crossing over each other within the strong-coupling superconductivity phase. Among them, the region close to the critical temperature shares characteristic dynamics with the repulsive interaction case, where the normal and anomalous parts of the self-energy show strong low-energy peaks while they are hidden in the quasiparticle spectral weight. These prominent self-energy peaks are understood by the coupling of the quasiparticle to the hidden fermionic excitation, emergent from a strong-coupling effect. The pseudogap above the critical temperature is also accounted for by the same hidden fermion.
We study the normal (nonsuperconducting) phase of the attractive Hubbard model within the dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) using the numerical renormalization group (NRG) as an impurity solver. A wide range of attractive potentials U is considered, from the weak-coupling limit, where superconducting instability is well described by the BCS approximation, to the strong-coupling region, where the superconducting transition is described by Bose condensation of compact Cooper pairs, which are formed at temperatures much exceeding the superconducting transition temperature. We calculate the density of states, the spectral density, and the optical conductivity in the normal phase for this wide range of U, including the disorder effects. We also present the results on superconducting instability of the normal state dependence on the attraction strength U and the degree of disorder. The disorder influence on the critical temperature T c is rather weak, suggesting in fact the validity of Anderson’s theorem, with the account of the general widening of the conduction band due to disorder.
A dynamical mean-field theory analysis of the attractive Hubbard model in the normal phase is carried out upon restricting to solutions where superconducting order is not allowed. A clear first-order pairing transition as a function of the coupling takes place at all the electron densities out of half filling between a Fermi liquid, stable for U<U(c), and an insulating bound pairs phase for U>U(c), and it is accompanied by phase separation. The spectral function in the metallic phase is constituted by a low-energy structure around the Fermi level, which disappears discontinuously at U = U(c), and two high-energy features (Hubbard bands), which persist in the insulating phase.
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We study the normal (non-superconducting) phase of attractive Hubbard model within dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) using numerical renormalization group (NRG) as impurity solver. Wide range of attractive potentials UUU is considered, from the weak-coupling limit, where superconducting instability is well described by BCS approximation, up to the strong-coupling region, where superconducting transition is described by Bose-condensation of compact Cooper pairs, which are formed at temperatures much exceeding superconducting transition temperature. We calculate density of states, spectral density and optical conductivity in the normal phase for this wide range of UUU, including the disorder effects. Also we present the results on superconducting instability of the normal state dependence on the attraction strength UUU and the degree of disorder. Disorder influence on the critical temperature TcT_cTc​ is rather weak, suggesting in fact the validity of Anderson theorem, with the account of the general widening of the conduction band due to disorder.