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arXiv:cond-mat/0411296 · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Conserving Gapless Mean-Field Theory for Bose–Einstein Condensates

Takafumi Kita

Published Jul 1, 2005• 20 citations
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Abstract

We formulate a conserving gapless mean-field theory for Bose-Einstein condensates on the basis of a Luttinger-Ward thermodynamic functional. It is applied to a weakly interacting uniform gas with density $n$ and s-wave scattering length $a$ to clarify its fundamental thermodynamic properties. It is found that the condensation here occurs as a first-order transition. The shift of the transition temperature $ΔT_c$ from the ideal-gas result $T_{0}$ is positive and given to the leading order by $ΔT_c = 2.33a n^{1/3}T_0$, in agreement with a couple of previous estimates. The theory is expected to form a new theoretical basis for trapped Bose-Einstein condensates at finite temperatures.

DOI
10.1143/jpsj.74.1891

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We formulate a conserving gapless mean-field theory for Bose-Einstein condensates on the basis of a Luttinger-Ward thermodynamic functional. It is applied to a weakly interacting uniform gas with density nnn and s-wave scattering length aaa to clarify its fundamental thermodynamic properties. It is found that the condensation here occurs as a first-order transition. The shift of the transition temperature ΔTcΔT_cΔTc​ from the ideal-gas result T0T_{0}T0​ is positive and given to the leading order by ΔTc=2.33an1/3T0ΔT_c = 2.33a n^{1/3}T_0ΔTc​=2.33an1/3T0​, in agreement with a couple of previous estimates. The theory is expected to form a new theoretical basis for trapped Bose-Einstein condensates at finite temperatures.
This paper presents a conserving gapless mean-field theory for weakly interacting Bose gases. We first construct a mean-field Luttinger-Ward thermodynamic functional in terms of the condensate wave function ΨΨΨ and the Nambu Green's function G^\hat{G}G^ for the quasiparticle field. Imposing its stationarity respect to ΨΨΨ and G^\hat{G}G^ yields a set of equations to determine the equilibrium for general non-uniform systems. They have a plausible property of satisfying the Hugenholtz-Pines theorem to provide a gapless excitation spectrum. Also, the corresponding dynamical equations of motion obey various conservation laws. Thus, the present mean-field theory shares two important properties with the exact theory: ``conserving'' and ``gapless.'' The theory is then applied to a homogeneous weakly interacting Bose gas with s-wave scattering length aaa and particle mass mmm to clarify its basic thermodynamic properties under two complementary conditions of constant density nnn and constant pressure ppp. The superfluid transition is predicted to be first-order because of the non-analytic nature of the order-parameter expansion near TcT_{c}Tc​ inherent in Bose systems, i.e., the Landau-Ginzburg expansion is not possible here. The transition temperature TcT_{c}Tc​ shows quite a different interaction dependence between the nnn-fixed and ppp-fixed cases. In the former case TcT_{c}Tc​ increases from the ideal gas value T0T_{0}T0​ as Tc/T0=1+2.33an1/3T_{c}/T_{0}= 1+ 2.33 an^{1/3}Tc​/T0​=1+2.33an1/3, whereas it decreases in the latter as Tc/T0=1−3.84a(mp/2πℏ2)1/5T_{c}/T_{0}= 1- 3.84a(mp/2π\hbar^{2})^{1/5}Tc​/T0​=1−3.84a(mp/2πℏ2)1/5. Temperature dependences of basic thermodynamic quantities are clarified explicitly.
We develop a mean-field theory for Bose-Einstein condensation of spin-1 atoms with internal degrees of freedom. It is applicable to nonuniform systems at finite temperatures with a plausible feature of satisfying the Hugenholtz-Pines theorem and various conservation laws simultaneously. Using it, we clarify thermodynamic properties and the excitation spectra of a uniform gas. The condensate is confirmed to remain in the same internal state from T=0 up to TcT_{c}Tc​ for both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions. The excitation spectra of the antiferromagnetic (ferromagnetic) interaction are found to have only a single gapless mode, contrary to the prediction of the Bogoliubov theory where three (two) of them are gapless. We present a detailed discussion on those single-particle excitations in connection with the collective excitations.
In this paper we develop a gapless theory of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) which can be applied to both trapped and homogeneous gases at zero and finite temperature. The starting point for the theory is the second quantized, many-body Hamiltonian for a system of structureless bosons with pairwise interactions. A number-conserving approach is used to rewrite this Hamiltonian in a form which is approximately quadratic with higher-order cubic and quartic terms. The quadratic part of the Hamiltonian can be diagonalized exactly by transforming to a quasiparticle basis, while requiring that the condensate satisfy the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The non-quadratic terms are assumed to have a small effect and are dealt with using first- and second-order perturbation theory. The conventional treatment of these terms, based on factorization approximations, is shown to be inconsistent. Infrared divergences can appear in individual terms of the perturbation expansion, but we show analytically that the total contribution beyond quadratic order is finite. The resulting excitation spectrum is gapless and the energy shifts are small for a dilute gas away from the critical region, justifying the use of perturbation theory. Ultraviolet divergences can appear if a contact potential is used to describe particle interactions. We show that the use of this potential as an approximation to the two-body T -matrix leads naturally to a high-energy renormalization. The theory developed in this paper is therefore well defined at both low and high energy and provides a systematic description of BEC in dilute gases. It can therefore be used to calculate the energies and decay rates of the excitations of the system at temperatures approaching the phase transition.
Quantum-field-theoretic descriptions of interacting condensed bosons have suffered from the lack of self-consistent approximation schemes satisfying Goldstone's theorem and dynamical conservation laws simultaneously. We present a procedure to construct such approximations systematically by using either an exact relation for the interaction energy or the Hugenholtz-Pines relation to express the thermodynamic potential in a Luttinger-Ward form. Inspection of the self-consistent perturbation expansion up to the third order with respect to the interaction shows that the two relations yield a unique identical result at each order, reproducing the conserving-gapless mean-field theory [T. Kita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74, 1891 (2005)] as the lowest-order approximation. The uniqueness implies that the series becomes exact when infinite terms are retained. We also derive useful expressions for the entropy and superfluid density in terms of Green's function and a set of real-time dynamical equations to describe thermalization of the condensate.
In this thesis we develop a gapless theory of BEC which can be applied to both trapped and homogeneous gases at zero and finite temperature. The starting point for the theory is the second quantized, many-body Hamiltonian for a system of structureless bosons with pairwise interactions. A number conserving approach is used to rewrite this Hamiltonian in a form which is approximately quadratic with higher order cubic and quartic terms. The quadratic part of the Hamiltonian can be diagonalized exactly by transforming to a quasiparticle basis, while requiring that the condensate satisfy the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The non-quadratic terms are assumed to have a small effect and are dealt with using first and second order perturbation theory. The conventional treatment of these terms, based on factorization approximations, is shown to be inconsistent. Infra-red divergences can appear in individual terms of the perturbation expansion, but we show analytically that the total contribution beyond quadratic order is finite. The resulting excitation spectrum is gapless and the energy shifts are small for a dilute gas away from the critical region, justifying the use of perturbation theory. Ultra-violet divergences can appear if a contact potential is used to describe particle interactions. We show that the use of this potential as an approximation to the two-body T-matrix leads naturally to a high-energy renormalization. The theory developed in this thesis is therefore well-defined at both low and high energy and provides a systematic description of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases. It can be used to calculate the energies and decay rates of the excitations of the system at temperatures approaching the phase transition. We present analytical results for these quantities in the homogeneous limit and describe how they can be calculated numerically for trapped gases. (author)
The energy spectrum for the three dimensional Bose gas in Bose-Einstein Condensation phase is calculated with Modified Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory, which is both conserving and gapless. From Improved Φ−Φ-Φ−% derivable theory, the diagrams needed to preserve Ward-Takahashi Identity are resummed in a systematic and nonperturbative way. The results show significant discrepancies with Popov theory at finite temperature. It is valid up to the critical temperature where the dispersion relation of the low energy excitation spectrum changes from linear to quadratic. Because of the repulsive interaction, the critical temperature has a positive shift from that of idea gas, which is in accordance with the result from the previous calculations in the uncondensed phase.