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arXiv:cond-mat/0408594 · Physical Review B

Reduced visibility of Rabi oscillations in superconducting qubits

Florian Meier, Daniel Loss

Published Mar 30, 2005• 27 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Coherent Rabi oscillations between quantum states of superconducting microcircuits have been observed in a number of experiments, albeit with a visibility that is typically much smaller than unity. Here, we show theoretically that the coherent coupling of superconducting phase qubits to background charge fluctuators [R. W. Simmonds et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 77003 (2004)] leads to a significantly reduced visibility if the Rabi frequency is comparable to the coupling energy of microcircuit and fluctuator. For larger Rabi frequencies, transitions to the second excited state of the superconducting microcircuit become dominant in suppressing the Rabi oscillation visibility.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.71.094519

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Coherent Rabi oscillations between quantum states of superconducting microcircuits have been observed in a number of experiments, albeit with a visibility that is typically much smaller than unity. Here, we show theoretically that the coherent coupling of superconducting phase qubits to background charge fluctuators [R. W. Simmonds et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 77003 (2004)] leads to a significantly reduced visibility if the Rabi frequency is comparable to the coupling energy of microcircuit and fluctuator. For larger Rabi frequencies, transitions to the second excited state of the superconducting microcircuit become dominant in suppressing the Rabi oscillation visibility.
Time-domain observations of coherent oscillations between quantum states in mesoscopic superconducting systems have so far been restricted to restoring the time-dependent probability distribution from the readout statistics. We propose a method for direct observation of Rabi oscillations in a phase qubit. The external source, typically in GHz range, induces transitions between the qubit levels. The resulting Rabi oscillations of supercurrent in the qubit loop induce the voltage oscillations across the coil of a high quality resonant tank circuit, inductively coupled to the phase qubit. It is the presence of these voltage oscillations in the detected signal which reveals the existence of Rabi oscillations in the qubit. A detailed calculation for zero and nonzero temperatures are made for the case of persistent current qubit. According to the estimates for decoherence and relaxation times, the effect can be detected using conventional rf circuitry, with Rabi frequency in the MHz range.
The problem of Rabi oscillations in a qubit coupled to a fluctuator and in contact with a heath bath is considered. A scheme is developed for taking into account both phase and energy relaxation in a phenomenological way, while taking full account of the quantum dynamics of the four-level system subject to a driving AC field. Significant suppression of the Rabi oscillations is found when the qubit and fluctuator are close to resonance. The effect of the fluctuator state on the read-out signal is discussed. This effect is shown to modify the observed signal significantly. This may be relevant to recent experiments by Simmonds et al. ( Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 077003).
We have observed Rabi-like oscillations in a current-biased dc superconducting quantum interference device presenting enhanced coherence times compared to our previous realization [J. Claudon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 187003 (2004)]. This Josephson device behaves as an anharmonic oscillator which can be driven into a coherent superposition of quantum states by resonant microwave flux pulses. Increasing the microwave amplitude, we study the evolution of the Rabi frequency from the two-level regime to the regime of multilevel dynamics. When up to three levels are involved, the Rabi frequency is a clear signature of a quantum behavior. At higher excitation amplitude, classical and quantum predictions for the Rabi frequency converge. This result is discussed in the light of a calculation of the Wigner function. In particular, our analysis shows that pronounced quantum interferences always appear in the course of the Rabi-like oscillations.
Superconducting qubits often show signatures of coherent coupling to microscopic two-level fluctuators (TLFs), which manifest themselves as avoided level crossings in spectroscopic data. In this work we study a phase qubit, in which we induce Rabi oscillations by resonant microwave driving. When the qubit is tuned close to the resonance with an individual TLF and the Rabi driving is strong enough (Rabi frequency of order of the qubit-TLF coupling), interesting four-level dynamics are observed. The experimental data show a clear asymmetry between biasing the qubit above or below the fluctuator's level splitting. Theoretical analysis indicates that this asymmetry is due to an effective coupling of the TLF to the external microwave field induced by the higher qubit levels.
Time-domain observations of coherent oscillations between quantum states in mesoscopic superconducting systems have so far been restricted to restoring the time-dependent probability distribution from the readout statistics. We propose a method for direct observation of Rabi oscillations in a phase qubit. The external source, typically in the GHz range, induces transitions between the qubit levels. The resulting Rabi oscillations of supercurrent in the qubit loop are detected by a high-quality resonant tank circuit, inductively coupled to the phase qubit. Here we present the results of detailed computer simulations of the interaction of a classical object (resonant tank circuit) with a quantum object (phase qubit), which explicitly account for the back action of a tank circuit. According to the results of our simulations the Rabi oscillations in the MHz range can be detected using the conventional NMR pulse Fourier technique.