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arXiv:cond-mat/0407363 · Physical Review Letters

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Correlations via Dissociation of a Molecular Bose-Einstein Condensate

Karen V. Kheruntsyan, M. K. Olsen, P. D. Drummond

Published Oct 7, 2005• 95 citations
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Abstract

Recent experimental measurements of atomic intensity correlations through atom shot noise suggest that atomic quadrature phase correlations may soon be measured with a similar precision. We propose a test of local realism with mesoscopic numbers of massive particles based on such measurements. Using dissociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of diatomic molecules into bosonic atoms, we demonstrate that strongly entangled atomic beams may be produced which possess Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations in field quadratures in direct analogy to the position and momentum correlations originally considered by EPR.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.95.150405

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Recent experimental measurements of atomic intensity correlations through atom shot noise suggest that atomic quadrature phase correlations may soon be measured with a similar precision. We propose a test of local realism with mesoscopic numbers of massive particles based on such measurements. Using dissociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of diatomic molecules into bosonic atoms, we demonstrate that strongly entangled atomic beams may be produced which possess Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations in field quadratures in direct analogy to the position and momentum correlations originally considered by EPR.
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) conceived a gedanken experiment which became a cornerstone of quantum technology and still challenges our understanding of reality and locality today.While the experiment has been realized with small quantum systems, a demonstration of the EPR paradox with massive many-particle systems remains an important challenge, as such systems are particularly closely tied to the concept of local realism in our everyday experience and may serve as probes for new physics at the quantum-to-classical transition.In this work we report an EPR experiment with two spatially separated Bose-Einstein condensates, each containing about 700 rubidium atoms.Entanglement between the condensates results in strong correlations of their collective spins, allowing us to demonstrate the EPR paradox between them.Our results represent the first observation of the EPR paradox with spatially separated, massive many-particle systems.They show that the conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism does not disappear as the system size increases to more than a thousand massive particles.Furthermore, EPR entanglement in conjunction with individual manipulation of the two condensates on the quantum level, as we demonstrate here, constitutes an important resource for quantum metrology and information processing with many-particle systems.
We describe a deterministic and experimentally feasible protocol for generating entangled pairs of ultracold neutral atoms through controlled dissociation of diatomic Feshbach molecules. The dissociation process naturally produces nonlocal quantum correlations in spin, position-momentum, and path degrees of freedom, enabling the deterministic preparation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs of massive particles and multiqubit states through hyperentangled encoding. Having each atom of the pair prepared in a matter waveguide, the scheme can be scaled to hundreds of parallel entanglement sources in an array connected to a matter wave optical network of beam splitters, phase shifters, interferometers, tunnel junctions and local detectors. The protocol builds on established techniques, including programmable optical potentials, high-fidelity single-particle control, single-molecule initialization, controlled molecular dissociation, and quantum gas microscopy with near-perfect detection, making it directly implementable with current technology. The proposed architecture naturally integrates with atomtronics circuits and chip-based matter-wave optics, offering a deterministic entanglement source for quantum nonlocality tests, precision metrology, and scalable neutral-atom quantum processors.
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) conceived a Gedankenexperiment which became a cornerstone of quantum technology and still challenges our understanding of reality and locality today. While the experiment has been realized with small quantum systems, a demonstration of the EPR paradox with spatially separated, massive many-particle systems has so far remained elusive. We observe the EPR paradox in an experiment with two spatially separated Bose-Einstein condensates containing about 700 Rubidium atoms each. EPR entanglement in conjunction with individual manipulation of the two condensates on the quantum level, as demonstrated here, constitutes an important resource for quantum metrology and information processing with many-particle systems. Our results show that the conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism does not disappear as the system size is increased to over a thousand massive particles.
We propose to generate Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement between groups of atoms in a two-well Bose-Einstein condensate using a dynamical process similar to that employed in quantum optics. A local nonlinear SSS-wave scattering interaction has the effect of creating spin squeezing at each well, while a tunneling coupling, analogous to a beam splitter in optics, introduces an interference between these fields that causes interwell entanglement. We consider two internal modes at each well so that the entanglement can be detected by measuring a reduction in the variances of the sums of local Schwinger spin observables. As is typical of continuous variable (CV) entanglement, the entanglement is predicted to increase with atom number. It becomes sufficiently strong at higher numbers of atoms so that the EPR paradox and steering nonlocality can be realized. The entanglement is predicted using an analytical approach and, for larger atom numbers, using stochastic simulations based on a truncated Wigner function approximation. We find generally that strong tunneling is favorable, and that entanglement persists and is even enhanced in the presence of realistic nonlinear losses.
We examine the prospect of demonstrating Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement for massive particles using spin-changing collisions in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate. Such a demonstration has recently been attempted by Gross et al. [Nature (London) 480, 219 (2011)] using a condensate of 87{}^{\text{87}}87Rb atoms trapped in an optical lattice potential. For the condensate initially prepared in the (F,mF)=(2,0)(F,{m}_{F})=(2,0)(F,mF​)=(2,0) hyperfine state, with no population in the ${m}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ states, we predict a significant suppression of the product of inferred quadrature variances below the Heisenberg uncertainty limit, implying strong EPR entanglement. However, such EPR entanglement is lost when the collisions are initiated in the presence of a small (currently undetectable) thermal population n‾th{\overline{n}}_{\mathrm{th}}nth​ in the ${m}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ states. For condensates containing 150--200 atoms, we predict an upper bound of ${\overline{n}}_{\mathrm{th}}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ that can be tolerated in this experiment before EPR entanglement is lost.