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arXiv:cond-mat/0406393 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Conserving and gapless approximations for the composite bosons in terms of the constituent fermions

Giancarlo Calvanese Strinati, P. Pieri

Published Jul 12, 2005• 3 citations
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Abstract

A well-known problem with the many-body approximations for interacting condensed bosons is the dichotomy between the "conserving" and "gapless" approximations, which either obey the conservations laws or satisfy the Hugenholtz-Pines condition for a gapless excitation spectrum, in the order. It is here shown that such a dichotomy does not exist for a system of composite bosons , which form as bound-fermion pairs in the strong-coupling limit of the fermionic attraction. By starting from the constituent fermions, for which conserving approximations can be constructed for any value of the mutual attraction according to the Baym-Kadanoff prescriptions, it is shown that these approximations also result into a gapless excitation spectrum for the boson-like propagators in the broken-symmetry phase.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2005-10097-y

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A well-known problem with the many-body approximations for interacting condensed bosons is the dichotomy between the "conserving" and "gapless" approximations, which either obey the conservations laws or satisfy the Hugenholtz-Pines condition for a gapless excitation spectrum, in the order. It is here shown that such a dichotomy does not exist for a system of composite bosons , which form as bound-fermion pairs in the strong-coupling limit of the fermionic attraction. By starting from the constituent fermions, for which conserving approximations can be constructed for any value of the mutual attraction according to the Baym-Kadanoff prescriptions, it is shown that these approximations also result into a gapless excitation spectrum for the boson-like propagators in the broken-symmetry phase.
The linear response to a space- and time-dependent external disturbance of a system of dilute condensed composite bosons at zero temperature, as obtained from the linearized version of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, is shown to result also from the strong-coupling limit of the time-dependent BCS (or broken-symmetry random-phase) approximation for the constituent fermions subject to the same external disturbance. In this way, it is possible to connect excited-state properties of the bosonic and fermionic systems by placing the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in perspective with the corresponding fermionic approximations.
Theoretical treatments of the BCS-BEC crossover need to provide as accurate as possible descriptions of the two regimes where the diluteness condition applies, either in terms of the constituent fermions (BCS limit) or of the composite bosons which form as bound-fermion pairs (BEC limit). This has to occur via a single fermionic theory that bridges across these two limiting representations. In this paper, we set up successive improvements of the fermionic theory, that result into composite bosons described at the level of either the Bogoliubov or the Popov approximations for pointlike bosons. This work bears on the recent experimental advances on the BCS-BEC crossover with trapped Fermi atoms, which show the need for accurate theoretical descriptions of the BEC side of the crossover.
We present a formalism for the description of many-particle systems when the particles are themselves composites of several elementary constituents. We investigate specifically the case of composites made up of two fermions, the method being easily extended to more general composites. The formalism, although its development is guided by the knowledge that there are fermion constituents in the composites, is given entirely in the composite language and requires no reference to these underlying fermions. Thus, the procedure maintains all required symmetries at every step. Composite field operators satisfying all symmetries are defined, these fields obeying neither Bose nor Fermi commutation rules, but more complicated ones. The many-composite dynamics is studied via the Green's functions formed from composite operator products. A Hartree-Fock-like approximation is introduced and leads to the generation of composite wave functions describing the distortion of the composite internal states by the presence of other composites in the system.
Quantum-field-theoretic descriptions of interacting condensed bosons have suffered from the lack of self-consistent approximation schemes satisfying Goldstone's theorem and dynamical conservation laws simultaneously. We present a procedure to construct such approximations systematically by using either an exact relation for the interaction energy or the Hugenholtz-Pines relation to express the thermodynamic potential in a Luttinger-Ward form. Inspection of the self-consistent perturbation expansion up to the third order with respect to the interaction shows that the two relations yield a unique identical result at each order, reproducing the conserving-gapless mean-field theory [T. Kita, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74, 1891 (2005)] as the lowest-order approximation. The uniqueness implies that the series becomes exact when infinite terms are retained. We also derive useful expressions for the entropy and superfluid density in terms of Green's function and a set of real-time dynamical equations to describe thermalization of the condensate.
The equation for the gap parameter represents the main equation of the pairing theory of superconductivity. Although it is formally defined through a single-particle property, physically, it reflects the pairing correlations between opposite-spin fermions. Here, we exploit this physical connection and cast the gap equation in an alternative form which explicitly highlights these two-particle correlations by showing that it is equivalent to a Hugenholtz-Pines condition for fermion pairs. At a formal level, a direct connection is established in this way between the treatment of the condensate fraction in condensate systems of fermions and bosons. At a practical level, the use of this alternative form of the gap equation is expected to make easier the inclusion of pairing fluctuations beyond mean field. As a proof-of-concept of the new method, we apply the modified form of the gap equation to the long-pending problem about the inclusion of the Gorkov-Melik-Barkhudarov correction across the whole BCS-BEC crossover, from the BCS limit of strongly overlapping Cooper pairs to the BEC limit of dilute composite bosons, and for all temperatures in the superfluid phase. Our numerical calculations yield excellent agreement with the recently determined experimental values of the gap parameter for an ultracold Fermi gas in the intermediate regime between BCS and BEC, as well as with the available quantum Monte Carlo data in the same regime.
I determine the intrinsic Hamiltonian of the relative motion of the constituent fermions of bosonic composites in superfluid fermion systems, assuming the effective fermion-fermion potential to be a sum of separable terms. The derivation is based on an expansion that treats composites, quasiparticles, and their interactions on the same footing. The intrinsic Hamiltonian of the composites is expressed in terms of the solution of the gap equation and of the form factors of the potential. It has the Brillouin-Wigner form, namely it is Hermitian and energy-dependent. In such a context, a solid justification is given for discarding negative energies of the composites. As a check, I rederive the dispersion law of the Bogoliubov-Anderson mode and the spectrum of the Bardasis and Schrieffer Hamiltonian. The possible occurrence of gapped modes depending on the form of the fermion-fermion interaction is discussed. The intrinsic wave functions are derived explicitly in the long wave limit, while their full determination requires numerical calculations.