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arXiv:cond-mat/0311596 · Physical Review E

Quantum dynamics with non-Markovian fluctuating parameters

Igor Goychuk

Published Jul 7, 2004• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A stochastic approach to the quantum dynamics randomly modulated in time by a discrete state non-Markovian noise, which possesses an arbitrary nonexponential distribution of the residence times, is developed. The formally exact expression for the Laplace-transformed quantum propagator averaged over the stationary realizations of such N -state non-Markovian noise is obtained. The theory possesses a wide range of applications. It includes some previous Markovian and non-Markovian theories as particular cases. In the context of the stochastic theory of spectral line shape and relaxation, the developed approach presents a non-Markovian generalization of the Kubo-Anderson theory of sudden modulation. In particular, the exact analytical expression is derived for the spectral line shape of optical transitions described by a Kubo oscillator with randomly modulated frequency which undergoes jumplike non-Markovian fluctuations in time.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.70.016109

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A stochastic approach to the quantum dynamics randomly modulated in time by a discrete state non-Markovian noise, which possesses an arbitrary nonexponential distribution of the residence times, is developed. The formally exact expression for the Laplace-transformed quantum propagator averaged over the stationary realizations of such N -state non-Markovian noise is obtained. The theory possesses a wide range of applications. It includes some previous Markovian and non-Markovian theories as particular cases. In the context of the stochastic theory of spectral line shape and relaxation, the developed approach presents a non-Markovian generalization of the Kubo-Anderson theory of sudden modulation. In particular, the exact analytical expression is derived for the spectral line shape of optical transitions described by a Kubo oscillator with randomly modulated frequency which undergoes jumplike non-Markovian fluctuations in time.
Stochastic theories have been used for a long time to describe relaxation as well as line-shape functions. Since the pioneering work of Kubo, these theories have gained considerable interest in the application to optical processes. While previous theories focused on stochastic descriptions of the relaxation, our emphasis is on the dynamics induced by stochastic interactions in a system undergoing relaxation and dephasing processes, including pure dephasing. All the theories based either on the Hilbert-space representation, or on the Liouvillian-space representation, but requiring spectral decomposition methods, are unable to describe these effects simultaneously. In this paper, the implications of the statistical properties of the stochastic variables on the dynamics are elucidated, and the general time evolution of a stochastic N-level system is established in the particular Markovian or weakly colored noise cases.
The non-Markovianity of open quantum system dynamics is often associated with the bidirectional interchange of information between the system and its environment, and it is thought to be a resource for various quantum information tasks. We have investigated the non-Markovianity of the dynamics of a two-state system driven by continuous time random walk-type noise, which can be Markovian or non-Markovian depending on its residence time distribution parameters. Exact analytical expressions for the distinguishability as well as the trace distance and entropy-based non-Markovianity measures are obtained and used to investigate the interplay between the non-Markovianity of the noise and that of dynamics. Our results show that, in many cases, the dynamics are also non-Markovian when the noise is non-Markovian. However, it is possible for Markovian noise to cause non-Markovian dynamics and for non-Markovian noise to cause Markovian dynamics but only for certain parameter values.
Starting from a generalization of the quantum trajectory theory [based on the stochastic Schr\"odinger equation (SSE)], non-Markovian models of quantum dynamics are derived. In order to describe non-Markovian effects, the approach used in this article is based on the introduction of random coefficients in the usual linear SSE. A major interest is that this allows a consistent theory of quantum measurement in continuous time to be developed for these non-Markovian quantum trajectory models. In this context, the notions of ``instrument,'' ``a priori,'' and ``a posteriori'' states can be introduced. The key point is that by starting from a stochastic equation on the Hilbert space of the system, we are able to respect the complete positivity of the mean dynamics for the statistical operator and the requirements of the axioms of quantum measurement theory. The flexibility of the theory is next illustrated by a concrete physical model of a noisy oscillator where non-Markovian effects come from the random environment, colored noises, randomness in the stimulating light, and delay effects. The statistics of the emitted photons and the heterodyne and homodyne spectra are studied, and we show how these quantities are sensitive to the non-Markovian features of the system dynamics, so that, in principle, the observation and analysis of the fluorescent light could reveal the presence of non-Markovian effects and allow for a measure of the spectra of the noises affecting the system dynamics.
We propose the generalized stochastic Liouville equation to investigate the coherent dynamics in single molecule systems coupled to environments which exhibit both nonstationary and non-Markovian features. The generalized stochastic Liouville equation contains a generalized memory kernel associated with both the intrinsic system Hamiltonian and the non-Markovian features of the environmental noise, which returns to the well-known framework established by Kubo in the limit case that the environmental noise is stationary and memoryless. The coherence of the quantum system can be derived by means of the generalized stochastic Liouville equation in two separated averages with no need to consider the statistical characteristics of the environmental noise. We express the exact analytical expressions of the coherence of the single molecule systems induced by the nonstationary and non-Markovian RTN, and the analytical results of the system coherence are in well consistent with that derived by means of some other theoretical approaches.
Quantum Markov models are employed ubiqui-tously in quantum physics and in quantum information theory due to their relative simplicity and analytical tractability. In particular, these models are known to give accurate approxi-mations for a wide range of quantum optical and meso scopic systems. However, in general, the validity of the Markov approximation entails assumptions regarding properties of the system of interest and its environment, which may not be satisfied or accurate in arbitrary physical systems. Therefore, developing useful modelling tools for general non-Markovian quantum systems for which the Markov approximation is inappropriate or deficient is an undertaking of significant importance. This work considers non-Markovian principal quantum systems that can be embedded in a larger Markovian quantum system with one or more compound baths consisting of an auxiliary quantum system and a quantum white noise field, and derives a set of coupled stochastic and quantum master equations for embedded non-Markovian quantum systems. The case of a purely Hamiltonian coupling between the principal and auxiliary systems as a closed system without coupling to white noises is included as a special case. The results are expected to be of interest for (open-loop and feedback) control of continuous-time non-Markovian systems and studying reduced models for numerical simulation of such systems. They may also shed more light on the general structure of continuous-time non-Markovian quantum systems.
Half century has past since the pioneering works of Anderson and Kubo on the stochastic theory of spectral line shape were published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 9 (1954) 316 and 935, respectively. In this review, we give an overview and extension of the stochastic Liouville equation focusing on its theoretical background and applications to help further the development of their works. With the aid of path integral formalism, we derive the stochastic Liouville equation for density matrices of a system. We then cast the equation into the hierarchy of equations which can be solved analytically or computationally in a nonperturbative manner including the effect of a colored noise. We elucidate the applications of the stochastic theory from the unified theoretical basis to analyze the dynamics of a system as probed by experiments. We illustrate this as a review of several experimental examples including NMR, dielectric relaxation, Mössbauer spectroscopy, neutron scattering, and linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopies. Following the summary of the advantage and limitation of the stochastic theory, we then derive a quantum Fokker–Planck equation and a quantum master equation from a system–bath Hamiltonian with a suitable spectral distribution producing a nearly Markovian random perturbation. By introducing auxiliary parameters that play a role as stochastic variables in an expression for reduced density matrix, we obtain the stochastic Liouville equation including temperature correction terms. The auxiliary parameters may also be interpreted as a random noise that allows us to derive a quantum Langevin equation for non-Markovian noise at any temperature. The results afford a basis for clarifying the relationship between the stochastic and dynamical approaches. Analytical as well as numerical calculations are given as examples and discussed.