Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:cond-mat/0211191 · IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Imaging local sources of intermodulation in superconducting microwave devices

Alexander P. Zhuravel, Alexey Vladimirovich Ustinov, D. Abraimov, Steven M. Anlage

Published Jun 1, 2003• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This work presents new experimental results on low-temperature (LT) characterization of local RF properties of passive superconducting (SC) microwave devices using a novel laser scanning microscope (LSM). In this technique, a modulated laser beam is focused onto and scanned over the surface of a resonant SC device to probe the spatial distribution of RF current. The highly localized photo-induced change of the kinetic inductance of the SC device produces both a shift of the resonant frequency f/sub 0/ and change of the quality factor Q. An image of these changes is recorded as the laser spot is scanned over the device. We present the first measurements of spatially resolved intermodulation response in a high temperature superconducting (HTS) co-planar waveguide resonator, opening up a new window into the local origins of nonlinearity in the HTS materials.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2003.813731

Related papers

Phase-resolved visualization of radio-frequency standing waves in superconducting spiral resonator for metamaterial applications

A. A. Leha, Alexander P. Zhuravel, Alexandre Karpov +2 more

Superconducting microcircuits and metamaterials are promising candidates for use in new generation cryogenic electronics. Their functionality is largely justified by the macroscopic distribution of electromagnetic fields in arranged unit cells, rather than by the microscopic properties of composite materials. We present a new method for visualizing the spatial structure of penetrating microwaves with microscopic resolution in planar superconducting macroscopic resonators as the most important circuit-forming elements of modern microelectronics. This method uses a low-temperature laser scanning microscope that examines the phase (i.e., direction) and amplitude of local radio-frequency currents versus the two-dimensional coordinates of the superconducting resonant structure under test. Phase-sensitive contrast is achieved by synchronizing the intensity-modulated laser radiation with the resonant harmonics of the microwave signal passing through the sample. In this case, the laser-beam-induced loss in the illuminated area will strongly depend on the local phase difference between the RF carrier signal and the spatially temporal structure of the focused laser oscillation. This approach eliminates the hardware limitations of the existing technique of radio-frequency microscopy and brings the phase-sensitive demodulation mode to the level necessary for studying the physics of superconducting metamaterials. The advantage of the presented method over the previous method of RF laser scanning micros-copy is demonstrated by the example of the formation of standing waves in a spiral superconducting Archimedean resonator up to the 38th eigenmode resonance.

arXiv:2201.06660•Low Temperature Physics•Jan 26, 2022•2 citations

Phase-sensitive imaging of microwave currents in superconductive circuits

Alexandre Karpov, A. P. Zhuravel, A. S. Averkin +2 more

We propose an improved measuring technique for microwave currents in superconductive circuits, demonstrate it experimentally, and validate the experimental data with numerical simulations. Contemporary superconductive electronics widely uses planar circuits with micrometer-scale elements for a variety of applications. With the rise of complexity of a circuit and increase in the number of its components, a simple impedance measurement is often not efficient for the diagnosis of problems, nor for clarifying the physics underlying the circuit response. The established Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM) technique generates micrometer-scale images of the amplitude of the microwave currents in a planar superconductive circuit, but not the phase of the oscillating currents. Here, we present a more powerful type of LSM imaging containing signal phase information. We employ a fast-optical modulator in order to synchronize the phase of the laser intensity oscillation with the phase of the probing microwave signal. The loss induced in a laser illuminated area strongly depends on the phase difference between the RF probing signal and the laser beam modulation. As a proof of concept, we present the phase-sensitive LSM measurements of the inner mode currents in a planar superconductive resonator and confirm the data with numerical simulation of the resonator's electrodynamics.

arXiv:1804.03026•Applied Physics Letters•Jun 10, 2019•4 citations

Imaging of microwave intermodulation fields in a superconducting microstrip resonator

Wensheng Hu, Ashfaq S. Thanawalla, B. Johan Feenstra +2 more

Nonlinearities give rise to intermodulation distortion in superconducting microwave devices and currently limit their use to low power applications. We have developed a cryogenic imaging technique to spatially resolve intermodulation distortion and used it to image an 8.2 GHz high temperature superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 microwave resonator. The images reveal that the fundamental and intermodulation electric fields obey a fixed relation throughout the device. We note that further refinements of intermodulation theory in resonant devices may be required to fully describe the data.

Applied Physics Letters•Nov 1, 1999•22 citations

Influence of LaAlO3 surface topography on rf current distribution in superconducting microwave devices

Alexander P. Zhuravel, Alexey Vladimirovich Ustinov, K. Solomon Harshavardhan +1 more

A laser scanning microscope with a thermal spot size of about 4 μm is used to measure a quantity proportional to the rf current density in an operating superconducting coplanar waveguide microwave resonator. The twinning of the LaAlO3 substrate produces a meandering of the current at the edges due to irregularities in the wet etching of the YBa2Cu3O7−δ film associated with substrate twin domain blocks, and an (∼20%) enhancement of the rf photoresponse at these locations. These irregularities are candidates for enhanced nonlinear response from the device.

arXiv:cond-mat/0209614•Applied Physics Letters•Dec 19, 2002•33 citations

Imaging sub-millimeter waves in planar cryoelectronic circuits by scanning laser microscopy

Dmytro V Abraimov, Alexey Vladimirovich Ustinov, S. V. Shitov

Low temperature scanning laser microscopy (LTSLM) is demonstrated to be capable of imaging sub-THz electromagnetic fields in cryoelectronic integrated structures. This method allows one to evaluate the spatial distribution of time-averaged field amplitudes with a resolution of about one micrometer for samples with characteristic dimensions of order millimeters. Using LTSLM, cryoelectronic devices with both passive and active superconducting elements can be characterized. Local heating of superconducting structures by a laser beam introduces extra loss for the propagating and standing sub-millimeter waves. We present LTSLM images of two-dimensional 400 to 500 standing GHz wave patterns in integrated superconducting receiver chips.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Mar 1, 2001•4 citations

A study of thermal effects in superconducting terahertz modulator by low temperature scanning laser microscope

Chao Han, Chun Li, Jingbo Wu +5 more

We use low temperature scanning laser microscope (LTSLM) to study the Joule power distribution of superconducting (SC) terahertz (THz) modulator. The LTSLM scanning images record the SC state transformation process under different DC bias voltages. The change of THz transmission spectra can be well explained by the thermal effect in the devices observed by LTSLM. Hotspots are present in one THz modulator and the transmission spectra changes a lot after the hotspots show up. According to theoretical analysis, the appearance of hotspot may be helpful for improving the modulation speed. These results will be useful to understand the mechanism of SC THz modulator and design higher performance THz moduators.

AIP Advances•Jun 1, 2018•4 citations
This work presents new experimental results on low-temperature (LT) characterization of local RF properties of passive superconducting (SC) microwave devices using a novel laser scanning microscope (LSM). In this technique, a modulated laser beam is focused onto and scanned over the surface of a resonant SC device to probe the spatial distribution of RF current. The highly localized photo-induced change of the kinetic inductance of the SC device produces both a shift of the resonant frequency f/sub 0/ and change of the quality factor Q. An image of these changes is recorded as the laser spot is scanned over the device. We present the first measurements of spatially resolved intermodulation response in a high temperature superconducting (HTS) co-planar waveguide resonator, opening up a new window into the local origins of nonlinearity in the HTS materials.
Superconducting microcircuits and metamaterials are promising candidates for use in new generation cryogenic electronics. Their functionality is largely justified by the macroscopic distribution of electromagnetic fields in arranged unit cells, rather than by the microscopic properties of composite materials. We present a new method for visualizing the spatial structure of penetrating microwaves with microscopic resolution in planar superconducting macroscopic resonators as the most important circuit-forming elements of modern microelectronics. This method uses a low-temperature laser scanning microscope that examines the phase (i.e., direction) and amplitude of local radio-frequency currents versus the two-dimensional coordinates of the superconducting resonant structure under test. Phase-sensitive contrast is achieved by synchronizing the intensity-modulated laser radiation with the resonant harmonics of the microwave signal passing through the sample. In this case, the laser-beam-induced loss in the illuminated area will strongly depend on the local phase difference between the RF carrier signal and the spatially temporal structure of the focused laser oscillation. This approach eliminates the hardware limitations of the existing technique of radio-frequency microscopy and brings the phase-sensitive demodulation mode to the level necessary for studying the physics of superconducting metamaterials. The advantage of the presented method over the previous method of RF laser scanning micros-copy is demonstrated by the example of the formation of standing waves in a spiral superconducting Archimedean resonator up to the 38th eigenmode resonance.
We propose an improved measuring technique for microwave currents in superconductive circuits, demonstrate it experimentally, and validate the experimental data with numerical simulations. Contemporary superconductive electronics widely uses planar circuits with micrometer-scale elements for a variety of applications. With the rise of complexity of a circuit and increase in the number of its components, a simple impedance measurement is often not efficient for the diagnosis of problems, nor for clarifying the physics underlying the circuit response. The established Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM) technique generates micrometer-scale images of the amplitude of the microwave currents in a planar superconductive circuit, but not the phase of the oscillating currents. Here, we present a more powerful type of LSM imaging containing signal phase information. We employ a fast-optical modulator in order to synchronize the phase of the laser intensity oscillation with the phase of the probing microwave signal. The loss induced in a laser illuminated area strongly depends on the phase difference between the RF probing signal and the laser beam modulation. As a proof of concept, we present the phase-sensitive LSM measurements of the inner mode currents in a planar superconductive resonator and confirm the data with numerical simulation of the resonator's electrodynamics.
Nonlinearities give rise to intermodulation distortion in superconducting microwave devices and currently limit their use to low power applications. We have developed a cryogenic imaging technique to spatially resolve intermodulation distortion and used it to image an 8.2 GHz high temperature superconducting Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 microwave resonator. The images reveal that the fundamental and intermodulation electric fields obey a fixed relation throughout the device. We note that further refinements of intermodulation theory in resonant devices may be required to fully describe the data.
A laser scanning microscope with a thermal spot size of about 4 μm is used to measure a quantity proportional to the rf current density in an operating superconducting coplanar waveguide microwave resonator. The twinning of the LaAlO3 substrate produces a meandering of the current at the edges due to irregularities in the wet etching of the YBa2Cu3O7−δ film associated with substrate twin domain blocks, and an (∼20%) enhancement of the rf photoresponse at these locations. These irregularities are candidates for enhanced nonlinear response from the device.
Low temperature scanning laser microscopy (LTSLM) is demonstrated to be capable of imaging sub-THz electromagnetic fields in cryoelectronic integrated structures. This method allows one to evaluate the spatial distribution of time-averaged field amplitudes with a resolution of about one micrometer for samples with characteristic dimensions of order millimeters. Using LTSLM, cryoelectronic devices with both passive and active superconducting elements can be characterized. Local heating of superconducting structures by a laser beam introduces extra loss for the propagating and standing sub-millimeter waves. We present LTSLM images of two-dimensional 400 to 500 standing GHz wave patterns in integrated superconducting receiver chips.
We use low temperature scanning laser microscope (LTSLM) to study the Joule power distribution of superconducting (SC) terahertz (THz) modulator. The LTSLM scanning images record the SC state transformation process under different DC bias voltages. The change of THz transmission spectra can be well explained by the thermal effect in the devices observed by LTSLM. Hotspots are present in one THz modulator and the transmission spectra changes a lot after the hotspots show up. According to theoretical analysis, the appearance of hotspot may be helpful for improving the modulation speed. These results will be useful to understand the mechanism of SC THz modulator and design higher performance THz moduators.