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arXiv:cond-mat/0210258 · Physical Review A

Bogoliubov theory of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the particle representation

Jacek Dziarmaga, Krzysztof Sacha

Published Mar 26, 2003• 20 citations
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Abstract

In the number-conserving Bogoliubov theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate, the Bogoliubov transformation between quasiparticles and particles is nonlinear. We invert this nonlinear transformation and give a general expression for eigenstates of the Bogoliubov Hamiltonian in particle representation. The particle representation unveils the structure of a condensate multiparticle wave function. We give several examples to illustrate a general formalism.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.033608

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In the number-conserving Bogoliubov theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate, the Bogoliubov transformation between quasiparticles and particles is nonlinear. We invert this nonlinear transformation and give a general expression for eigenstates of the Bogoliubov Hamiltonian in particle representation. The particle representation unveils the structure of a condensate multiparticle wave function. We give several examples to illustrate a general formalism.
We consider the Bogoliubov vacuum state in the number-conserving Bogoliubov theory proposed by Castin and Dum [Phys. Rev. A 57 , 3008 (1998)]. We show that, in the particle representation, the vacuum can be written in a simple diagonal form. The vacuum state can describe the stationary N -particle ground state of a condensate in a trap, but it can also represent a dynamical state when, for example, a Bose-Einstein condensate initially prepared in the stationary ground state is subject to a time-dependent perturbation. In both cases the diagonal form of the Bogoliubov vacuum can be obtained by basically diagonalizing the reduced single-particle density matrix of the vacuum. We compare N -body states obtained within the Bogoliubov theory with the exact ground states in a 3-site Bose-Hubbard model. In this example, the Bogoliubov theory fails to accurately describe the stationary ground state in the limit when N → ∞ but a small fraction of depleted particles is kept constant.
We formulate particle-creation phenomena in Bose-Einstein condensates in terms of conserving gapless mean-field theory for weakly interacting Bose gases. The particle-creation spectrum is calculated by rediagonalizing the Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian in mean-field theory. The conservation implies that quasiparticle creation is accompanied by quantum back reaction to the condensates. Particle creation in this mean-field theory is found to be equivalent to that in quantum field theory (QFT) in curved space-time. An expression is obtained for an effective metric affected by quantum back reaction. The formula for the particle-creation spectrum obtained in terms of QFT in curved space-time is shown to be the same as that given by rediagonalizing the BdG Hamiltonian.
We construct quantum field theory in an analog curved spacetime in Bose-Einstein condensates based on the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations by exactly relating quantum particles in curved spacetime with Bogoliubov quasiparticle excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates. Here, we derive a simple formula relating the two, which can be used to calculate the particle creation spectrum by solving the time-dependent Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations. Using our formulation, we numerically investigate particle creation in an analog expanding universe which can be expressed as Bogoliubov quasiparticles in an expanding Bose-Einstein condensate. We obtain its spectrum, which follows the thermal Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the temperature of which is experimentally attainable. Our derivation of the analogy is useful for general Bose-Einstein condensates and not limited to homogeneous ones, and our simulation is an example of particle creations by solving the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation in an inhomogeneous condensate.