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arXiv:cond-mat/0208497 · Physical Review Letters

Absorbing Phase Transitions of Branching-Annihilating Random Walks

Julien Kockelkoren, Hugues Chaté

Published Mar 26, 2003• 80 citations
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Abstract

The phase transitions to absorbing states of the branching-annihilating reaction-diffusion processes mA-->(m+k)A, nA-->(n-l)A are studied systematically in one space dimension within a new family of models. Four universality classes of nontrivial critical behavior are found. This provides, in particular, the first evidence of universal scaling laws for pair and triplet processes.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.90.125701

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•Jan 1, 2001•31 citations
The phase transitions to absorbing states of the branching-annihilating reaction-diffusion processes mA-->(m+k)A, nA-->(n-l)A are studied systematically in one space dimension within a new family of models. Four universality classes of nontrivial critical behavior are found. This provides, in particular, the first evidence of universal scaling laws for pair and triplet processes.
We study absorbing phase transitions in systems of branching annihilating random walkers and pair contact process with diffusion on a one-dimensional ring, where the walkers hop to their nearest neighbor with a bias ε. For ε=0, three universality classes-directed percolation (DP), parity-conserving (PC), and pair contact process with diffusion (PCPD)-are typically observed in such systems. We find that the introduction of ε does not change the DP universality class but alters the other two universality classes. For nonzero ε, the PCPD class crosses over to DP, and the PC class changes to a new universality class.
Recently, Takayasu and Tretyakov [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3060 (1992)] studied branching annihilating random walks with n=1-5 offsprings. These models exhibit a continuous phase transition to an absorbing state. Steady-state simulations yielded an estimate for the order parameter critical exponent \ensuremath{\beta} different from that of directed percolation. This result is quite surprising, as the universality class of directed percolation is known to be very robust. I have studied the critical behavior of the one-dimensional model with n=1 and 3 using time-dependent Monte Carlo simulations, and determined three critical exponents, all of which are in agreement with directed percolation.
We generalize nonperturbative renormalization group methods to nonequilibrium critical phenomena. Within this formalism, reaction-diffusion processes are described by a scale-dependent effective action, the flow of which is derived. We investigate branching and annihilating random walks with an odd number of offspring. Along with recovering their universal physics (described by the directed percolation universality class), we determine their phase diagrams and predict that a transition occurs even in three dimensions, contrarily to what perturbation theory suggests.
We review the critical behavior of nonequilibrium systems, such as directed percolation (DP) and branching-annihilating random walks (BARW), which possess phase transitions into absorbing states. After reviewing the bulk scaling behavior of these models, we devote the main part of this review to analyzing the impact of walls on their critical behavior. We discuss the possible boundary universality classes for the DP and BARW models, which can be described by a general scaling theory which allows for two independent surface exponents in addition to the bulk critical exponents. Above the upper critical dimension d c , we review the use of mean field theories, whereas in the regime d<d c , where fluctuations are important, we examine the application of field theoretic methods. Of particular interest is the situation in d=1, which has been extensively investigated using numerical simulations and series expansions. Although DP and BARW fit into the same scaling theory, they can still show very different surface behavior: for DP some exponents are degenerate, a property not shared with the BARW model. Moreover, a "hidden" duality symmetry of BARW in d=1 is broken by the boundary and this relates exponents and boundary conditions in an intricate way.
Many non-equilibrium systems display dynamic phase transitions from active to absorbing states, where fluctuations cease entirely. Based on a field theory representation of the master equation, the critical behavior can be analyzed by means of the renormalization group. The resulting universality classes for single-species systems are reviewed here. Generically, the critical exponents are those of directed percolation (Reggeon field theory), with critical dimension d_c = 4. Yet local particle number parity conservation in even-offspring branching and annihilating random walks implies an inactive phase (emerging below d_c' = 4/3) that is characterized by the power laws of the pair annihilation reaction, and leads to different critical exponents at the transition. For local processes without memory, the pair contact process with diffusion represents the only other non-trivial universality class. The consistent treatment of restricted site occupations and quenched random reaction rates are important open issues.
We review the critical behavior of nonequilibrium systems, such as directed percolation (DP) and branching-annihilating random walks (BARW), which possess phase transitions into absorbing states. After reviewing the bulk scaling behavior of these models, we devote the main part of this review to analyzing the impact of walls on their critical behavior. We discuss the possible boundary universality classes for the DP and BARW models, which can be described by a general scaling theory which allows for two independent surface exponents in addition to the bulk critical exponents. Above the upper critical dimension dc, we review the use of mean field theories, whereas in the regime d < dc, where fluctuations are important, we examine the application of field theoretic methods. Of particular interest is the situation in d = 1, which has been extensively investigated using numerical simulations and series expansions. Although DP and BARW fit into the same scaling theory, they can still show very different surface behavior: for DP some exponents are degenerate, a property not shared with the BARW model. Moreover, a “hidden ” duality symmetry of BARW in d = 1 is broken by the boundary and this relates exponents and boundary conditions in an intricate way.