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arXiv:cond-mat/0204311

The "W=0" Pairing Mechanism from Repulsive Interactions in Symmetric 2d Models

Michele Cini, Gianluca Stefanucci

Published Apr 15, 2002• 0 citations
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Abstract

In two-dimensional systems possessing a high degree of symmetry, the repulsive electron-electron interaction produces a pairing force; the mechanism would fail in the presence of strong distortions. We have studied this in the one-band and three-band Hubbard Model. From partially occupied orbitals one obtains pair eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with no on-site repulsion (the W=0 pairs). The concept of W=0 pairs allows to make qualitative and quantitative predictions about the behaviour of interacting many-body systems, a quite remarkable and unusual situation. Exact numerical solutions for clusters with ``magic'' hole numbers reveal attraction between the holes in W=0 pairs. The effect occurs in all fully symmetric clusters which are centered on a Cu site; then holes get paired in a wide, physically relevant parameter range and show superconducting quantization of the magnetic flux. A canonical transformation of the Hamiltonian, valid for clusters and for the full plane, leads to a Cooper-like equation for the W=0 pairs. We have evaluated the effective interaction and found that W=0 pairs are the bare quasiparticles which, once dressed, become two-hole bound states. We applied the above theory to the doped antiferromagnet, and found that the ground state at half filling is the singlet component of a determinantal state. We write down this determinant and the ground state wave function explicitly in terms of a many-body W=0 eigenstate. Our analytical results for the $4\times 4$ square lattice at half filling and with doped holes, compared to available numerical data, demonstrate that the method, besides providing intuitive grasp on pairing, also has quantitative predictive power.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.cond-mat/0204311

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In two-dimensional systems possessing a high degree of symmetry, the repulsive electron-electron interaction produces a pairing force; the mechanism would fail in the presence of strong distortions. We have studied this in the one-band and three-band Hubbard Model. From partially occupied orbitals one obtains pair eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with no on-site repulsion (the W=0 pairs). The concept of W=0 pairs allows to make qualitative and quantitative predictions about the behaviour of interacting many-body systems, a quite remarkable and unusual situation. Exact numerical solutions for clusters with ``magic'' hole numbers reveal attraction between the holes in W=0 pairs. The effect occurs in all fully symmetric clusters which are centered on a Cu site; then holes get paired in a wide, physically relevant parameter range and show superconducting quantization of the magnetic flux. A canonical transformation of the Hamiltonian, valid for clusters and for the full plane, leads to a Cooper-like equation for the W=0 pairs. We have evaluated the effective interaction and found that W=0 pairs are the bare quasiparticles which, once dressed, become two-hole bound states. We applied the above theory to the doped antiferromagnet, and found that the ground state at half filling is the singlet component of a determinantal state. We write down this determinant and the ground state wave function explicitly in terms of a many-body W=0 eigenstate. Our analytical results for the 4×44\times 44×4 square lattice at half filling and with doped holes, compared to available numerical data, demonstrate that the method, besides providing intuitive grasp on pairing, also has quantitative predictive power.
Lattice Hamiltonians with on-site interaction WWW have W=0 solutions, that is, many-body {\em singlet} eigenstates without double occupation. In particular, W=0 pairs give a clue to understand the pairing force in repulsive Hubbard models. These eigenstates are found in systems with high enough symmetry, like the square, hexagonal or triangular lattices. By a general theorem, we propose a systematic way to construct all the W=0 pairs of a given Hamiltonian. We also introduce a canonical transformation to calculate the effective interaction between the particles of such pairs. In geometries appropriate for the CuO2_{2}2​ planes of cuprate superconductors, armchair Carbon nanotubes or Cobalt Oxides planes, the dressed pair becomes a bound state in a physically relevant range of parameters. We also show that W=0 pairs quantize the magnetic flux like superconducting pairs do. The pairing mechanism breaks down in the presence of strong distortions. The W=0 pairs are also the building blocks for the antiferromagnetic ground state of the half-filled Hubbard model at weak coupling. Our analytical results for the 4×44\times 44×4 Hubbard square lattice, compared to available numerical data, demonstrate that the method, besides providing intuitive grasp on pairing, also has quantitative predictive power. We also consider including phonon effects in this scenario. Preliminary calculations with small clusters indicate that vector phonons hinder pairing while half-breathing modes are synergic with the W=0 pairing mechanism both at weak coupling and in the polaronic regime.
We calculate the effective interaction WeffW_{eff}Weff​ between two holes added to the ground state of the repulsive three-band Hubbard model. To make contact with Cooper theory and with earlier Hubbard model cluster studies, we first use a perturbative canonical transformation, to generate a two-body Hamiltonian. Then, we extend the results to all orders. The approach is exact in principle, and we obtain a close analytic expression including explicitly the effects of all virtual transitions to 4-body intermediate states. Our scheme naturally lends itself to embody off-site, inter-planar, phonon-mediated and other interactions which are not considered in the Hubbard model but may well be important. The result depends qualitatively on the symmetry of the two-hole state: 1B2^{1}B_{2}1B2​ and $ ^{1}A_{2}$ pairs are special, because the bare holes do not interact by the on-site repulsion (W=0 pairs). The effective interaction in these channels is attractive and leads to a Cooper-like instability of the Fermi liquid; however WeffW_{eff}Weff​ is repulsive for Triplet pairs. Bound two-hole states of the same nature were reported earlier in small cluster calculations by exact diagonalisation methods; only symmetric clusters are good models of the plane. Once WeffW_{eff}Weff​ is known, the pair eigenfunction is determined by an integral equation. We present numerical estimates of the binding energy ∣Δ∣|Δ|∣Δ∣ of the pairs, which is in the physically interesting range of tens of meV if unscreened on-site repulsion parameters are used.
We calculate the effective interaction Weff between two holes added to the ground state of the repulsive three-band Hubbard model. To make contact with Cooper theory and with earlier Hubbard model cluster studies, we first use a perturbative canonical transformation, to generate a two-body Hamiltonian. Then, we extend the results to all orders. The approach is exact in principle, and we obtain a close analytic expression including explicitly the effects of all virtual transitions to 4-body intermediate states. Our scheme naturally lends itself to embody off-site, inter-planar, phonon-mediated and other interactions which are not considered in the Hubbard model but may well be important. The result depends qualitatively on the symmetry of the two-hole state: 1 B2 and 1 A2 pairs are special, because the bare holes do not interact by the on-site repulsion (W=0 pairs). The effective interaction in these channels is attractive and leads to a Cooper-like instability of the Fermi liquid; however Weff is repulsive for Triplet pairs. Bound two-hole states of the same nature were reported earlier in small cluster calculations by exact diagonalisation methods; only symmetric clusters are good models of the plane. Once Weff is known, the pair eigenfunction is determined by an integral equation. We present numerical estimates of the binding energy |∆ | of the pairs, which is in the physically interesting range of tens of meV if unscreened on-site repulsion parameters are used. 1 I.
We propose a configuration interaction mechanism that leads to hole pairs with zero repulsion energy which are exact eigenstates of the two-band Hubbard Hamiltonian. The two-hole pairs have symmetry and arise from degenerate states at the Fermi level; we show that they must exist independently of the band filling. To discuss the possible relevance of these states to the problem of pairing in high- superconductors we solve five- and nine-site model clusters with four holes. The quasiparticles become dressed by the interaction with the background holes and get paired with a set of valence band parameters well established for high- cuprates. We predict a number of important experimental facts such as binding energies of the correct order of magnitude, the symmetry of the order parameter and the singlet - triplet energy separation of the Cooper pairs.
The fully symmetric Cu-O clusters with a central Cu have two-hole singlet eigenstates which are not affected by the on-site repulsion. These pairs become bound states if the number of holes in the cluster is appropriate; moreover, the quantization at half-integer values of a magnetic test flux is consistent with a superconducting pattern. To investigate the mechanism of pairing, we study the symmetric clusters with $<~$21 atoms and four holes by exact diagonalization. Further, by the diagrammatic expansion of the ground-state energy and of the scattering amplitude, we obtain the spin-flip diagrams for the effective interaction, which is attractive for singlets and repulsive for triplets. A criterion for pairing in cluster calculations is thereby obtained.
Charge Conjugation and Pairing in a model Cu5_{5}5​O4_{4}4​ Cluster
Highly-symmetric three-band Hubbard Cu-O clusters have peculiar properties when the hole number is such that they admit W=0 hole pairs. These are two-hole eigenstates of the on-site Hubbard repulsion with eigenvalue 0, get bound by correlation effects when dressed by the interaction with the background, and cause superconducting flux quantization. We study the Cu5_{5}5​O4_{4}4​ cluster by exact diagonalization and show that bound electron pairs of 1^{1}1% B2_{2}2​ symmetry are obtained at an appropriate filling, and quantize flux like the hole pairs. The basic mechanism for pairing in this model is the second-order exchange diagram, and an approximate charge conjugation symmetry holds between electron and hole pairs. Further, the flux quantization property requires that the W=0 pairs of ddd symmetry have sss symmetry couterparts, still with W=0; the former are due to a spin fluctuation, while the latter arise from a charge fluctuation mechanism. The simultaneous existence of both is an essential property of our model and is required for any model of superconducting ddd pairs.