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arXiv:cond-mat/0111242 · Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Polarization-correlated photon pairs from a single quantum dot

Charles Santori, David A. Fattal, Matthew A. Pelton, Glenn S. Solomon, Y. Yamamoto

Published Jul 16, 2002• 227 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Polarization correlation in a linear basis, but not entanglement, is observed between the biexciton and single-exciton photons emitted by a single InAs quantum dot in a two-photon cascade. The results are well described quantitatively by a probabilistic model that includes two decay paths for a biexciton through a nondegenerate pair of one-exciton states, with the polarization of the emitted photons depending on the decay path. The results show that spin nondegeneracy due to quantum-dot asymmetry is a significant obstacle to the realization of an entangled-photon generation device.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.66.045308

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Polarization correlation in a linear basis, but not entanglement, is observed between the biexciton and single-exciton photons emitted by a single InAs quantum dot in a two-photon cascade. The results are well described quantitatively by a probabilistic model that includes two decay paths for a biexciton through a nondegenerate pair of one-exciton states, with the polarization of the emitted photons depending on the decay path. The results show that spin nondegeneracy due to quantum-dot asymmetry is a significant obstacle to the realization of an entangled-photon generation device.
We develop a theoretical model to study the intensity–intensity correlation of polarization-entangled photons emitted in a biexciton–exciton cascade. We calculate the degree of correlation and show how polarization correlations are affected by the presence of dephasing and energy-level splitting of the excitonic states. Our theoretical calculations are in agreement with the recent observation of polarization-dependent intensity–intensity correlations from a single semiconductor quantum dot (Stevenson et al 2006 Nature 439 179). Our model can be extended to study polarization-entangled photon emission in coupled quantum dot systems.
Abstract. We develop a theoretical model to study the Intensity-Intensity correlation of polarization entangled photons emitted in a biexciton-exciton cascade. We calculate the degree of correlation and show how polarization correlation are affected by the presence of dephasing and energy level splitting of the excitonic states. Our theoretical calculations are in agreement with the recent observation of polarization dependent Intensity-Intensity correlations from a single semiconductor quantum dot [R. M. Stevenson et. al. Nature 439, 179 (2006)]. Our model can be extended to study polarization entangled photon emission in coupled quantum dot systems. PACS numbers: 03.67.bg,42.50.Ar,42.50.CtNonclassical Correlation of Polarization Entangled Photons in a Biexciton-Exciton Cascade2 1.
Photon emission with nonclassical photon statistics is discussed with a single InAlAs quantum dot. The deterministic single-photon generation in which the emitted photon wavelength matches well to the highly sensitive wavelength region of highly efficient, low-noise Si-single-photon detectors and also to an atmospheric transmission window is demonstrated. Competing transition processes between neutral and charged exciton species originating from an exclusive formation in the same single quantum dot are clarified. It was found that suppressing the charged exciton formation is possible by a quasi-resonant excitation for a deterministic monochromatic single-photon generation. Polarization-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy clearly indicates the preservation of photon polarizations between photons emitted by biexciton/exciton recombinations. Furthermore, the deterministic polarization-correlated photon pair generation with biexciton-exciton cascaded transition occurring in a single quantum dot is directly confirmed by the polarized second-order photon correlation measurements. This indicates a longer polarization flip time than the exciton lifetime, which is an essential requirement for the deterministic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen photon pair generation under the present biexciton-exciton cascaded transition scheme.
Correlation between the rectilinear polarizations of the photons emitted from the biexciton decay in a single quantum dot is investigated in a device which allows the charge state of the dot to be controlled. Optimizing emission from the neutral exciton states maximizes the operating efficiency of the biexciton decay. This is important for single dot applications such as a triggered source of entangled photons. As the bias on the device is reduced correlation between the two photons is found to fall dramatically as emission from the negatively charged exciton becomes significant. Lifetime measurements demonstrate that electronic spin-scattering is the likely cause.
Quantum dots are considered an attractive system for applications in quantum communication and quantum logic, confirmed by experimental demonstrations of quantum dot based single photon emission devices. Another key quantum optics resource is the on-demand generation of entangled photon pairs, for which the radiative decay of the biexciton state in a quantum dot has been proposed. The realization of such a device has been prevented due to polarization splitting of the exciton fine structure, caused by anisotropies of various structural parameters of the dot. We present the results of recent experiments that manage the splitting in quantum dots, in order to allow entangled photon emission. We demonstrate that dots with splitting within the homogeneous linewidth can be realized by carefully controlling the thickness of the dot layer. Furthermore, we show that the splitting can be reduced to zero by the application of an in-plane magnetic field. Polarization dependent correlation measurements on these dots will be presented that show characteristic features of entanglement, such as polarization correlation for all linear detection bases, and circular polarization anti-correlation. Our results indicate that for the first time, we have observed triggered entangled photon pair emission from a quantum dot.
Abstract We theoretically investigate the production of polarization‐entangled photons through the biexciton cascade decay in a single semiconductor quantum dot. A biexciton radiatively decays through two intermediate exciton states, where polarization‐entangled photons are emitted if the two decay paths differ in polarization but are indistinguishable otherwise. This ideal performance is usually spoiled by the electron–hole exchange interaction splitting the intermediate exciton states by a small amount and consequently attaching a which‐path information to the photon frequencies. We discuss post‐selection schemes to mask this which‐path information to an outside observer. We show how spectral filtering and time shifts at a single photon level affect the photon state. Here the solid state environment plays a crucial role in the effective measurement of intermediate exciton states. Evaluating our analytical results with realistic quantum dot parameters we quantify the applicability of suggested protocols for solid‐state based quantum cryptography. Our results indicate, that a high degree of entanglement is only reached by spectral alignment of the exciton states. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)