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arXiv:cond-mat/0102129 · Physical Review A

Vortex bending and tightly packed vortex lattices in Bose-Einstein condensates

Juan José García‐Ripoll, Víctor M. Pérez‐García

Published Oct 10, 2001• 89 citations
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Abstract

We study in detail the structure of the ground state of elongated rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. This ground state is composed of one or more vortex lines which bend even in completely symmetric setups. This symmetry breaking allows the condensate to smoothly adapt to rotation and to produce tightly packed arrays of vortex lines. The dependence of vortex bending on the relevant parameters is studied.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.64.053611

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We study in detail the structure of the ground state of elongated rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. This ground state is composed of one or more vortex lines which bend even in completely symmetric setups. This symmetry breaking allows the condensate to smoothly adapt to rotation and to produce tightly packed arrays of vortex lines. The dependence of vortex bending on the relevant parameters is studied.
We study the generation of vortices in rotating axially elongated magneto-optical traps, a situation which has been realized in a recent experiment (K. W. Madison, F. Chevy, W. Wohlleben, J. Dalibard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 806 (2000)). We predict that at a critical frequency the condensate experiences a symmetry breaking and changes from a convex cloud to a state with one bended vortex. We also discuss several effects which enlarge the critical frequency with respect to other geometries of the trap: these are, (i) the failure of the Thomas-Fermi approximation on the transverse degrees of freedom of the condensate, (ii) the enhancement of the transverse asymmetry of the trap by means of rotation and (iii) the yet unobserved bending of the vortex lines.
Abstract We consider the ground-state properties of a rotating spin-orbit-coupled Bose—Einstein condensate under extreme elongation in a harmonic plus quartic potential. The effects of spin-orbit coupling and rotation on the ground-state vortex structures are investigated. In the absence of spin-orbit coupling, new nucleated vortices gradually form vortex lines and annular vortex structures with the increase of the rotation frequency. In the presence of spin-orbit coupling, part of the vortices arrange in a line and form a stable vortex chain, and the remanent vortices coexist in pairs aside such vortex chain. More specially, the remanent vortices of each component repel each other and form vortex pair for isotropic spin-orbit coupling, while attract each other and locate in the same positions for anisotropic spin-orbit coupling.
We present an analytical solution for the vortex lattice in a rapidly rotating trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in the lowest Landau level and discuss deviations from the Thomas-Fermi density profile. This solution is exact in the limit of a large number of vortices and is obtained for the cases of circularly symmetric and narrow channel geometries. The latter is realized when the trapping frequencies in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis are different from each other and the rotation frequency is equal to the smallest of them. This leads to the cancellation of the trapping potential in the direction of the weaker confinement and makes the system infinitely elongated in this direction. For this case we calculate the phase diagram as a function of the interaction strength and rotation frequency and identify the order of quantum phase transitions between the states with a different number of vortex rows.
It has been demonstrated experimentally that non-axisymmetric vortices precess around the center of a Bose-Einstein condensate. Two types of single vortex states have been observed, usually referred to as the S vortex and the U vortex. We study theoretically the single vortex excitations in spherical and elongated condensates as a function of the interaction strength. We solve numerically the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and calculate the angular momentum as a function of precession frequency. The existence of two types of vortices means that we have two different precession frequencies for each angular momentum value. As the interaction strength increases the vortex lines bend and the precession frequencies shift to lower values. We establish that for given angular momentum the S vortex has higher energy than the U vortex in a rotating elongated condensate. We show that the S vortex is related to the solitonic vortex, which is a nonlinear excitation in the nonrotating system. For small interaction strengths the S vortex is related to the dark soliton. In the dilute limit a lowest Landau level calculation provides an analytic description of these vortex modes in terms of the harmonic oscillator states.
We use a variational method to investigate the ground-state phase diagram of a small, asymmetric Bose-Einstein condensate with respect to the dimensionless interparticle interaction strength $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and the applied external rotation speed $\ensuremath{\Omega}.$ For a given $\ensuremath{\gamma},$ the transition lines between no-vortex and vortex states are shifted toward higher $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ relative to those for the symmetric case. We also find a re-entrant behavior, where the number of vortex cores can decrease for large $\ensuremath{\Omega}.$ In addition, stabilizing a vortex in a rotating asymmetric trap requires a minimum interaction strength. For a given asymmetry, the evolution of the variational parameters with increasing $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ shows two different types of transitions (sharp or continuous), depending on the strength of the interaction. We also investigate transitions to states with higher vorticity; the corresponding angular momentum increases continuously as a function of $\ensuremath{\Omega}.$