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arXiv:cond-mat/0008273 · Physical Review Letters

Unique Translation between Hamiltonian Operators and Functional Integrals

Tim Gollisch, CHRISTOF WETTERICH

Published Jan 1, 2001• 24 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A careful treatment of the discretization errors in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics leads to a unique prescription for the translation from the Hamiltonian to the action in the functional integral. An example is given by an interaction quadratic in the occupation number, characteristic for many body bosonic systems. As a result, the term linear in the occupation number (chemical potential) receives a correction as compared to the usual formulation based on coherent states. A perturbative calculation supports the relevance of this correction.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.86.1

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Comment on “Unique Translation between Hamiltonian Operators and Functional Integrals”

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In a recent letter [PRL 86, 1 (2001)], Gollisch and Wetterich show that a careful treatment of discretization errors in a phase-space path integral formulation of quantum mechanics leads to a correction term as compared to the standard form based on coherent states. We point out in this comment that their approach is not unique and that the coherent state path integral formalism, without correction term, yields the same result. It does this as long as known (but sometimes neglected) exponential convergence factors, which control discretization errors in this approach, are taken into account.

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A careful treatment of the discretization errors in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics leads to a unique prescription for the translation from the Hamiltonian to the action in the functional integral. An example is given by an interaction quadratic in the occupation number, characteristic for many body bosonic systems. As a result, the term linear in the occupation number (chemical potential) receives a correction as compared to the usual formulation based on coherent states. A perturbative calculation supports the relevance of this correction.
In a recent letter [PRL 86, 1 (2001)], Gollisch and Wetterich show that a careful treatment of discretization errors in a phase-space path integral formulation of quantum mechanics leads to a correction term as compared to the standard form based on coherent states. We point out in this comment that their approach is not unique and that the coherent state path integral formalism, without correction term, yields the same result. It does this as long as known (but sometimes neglected) exponential convergence factors, which control discretization errors in this approach, are taken into account.
Feynman's Lagrangian path integral was an outgrowth of Dirac's vague surmise that Lagrangians have a role in quantum mechanics. Lagrangians implicitly incorporate Hamilton's first equation of motion, so their use contravenes the uncertainty principle, but they are relevant to semiclassical approximations and relatedly to the ubiquitous case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta, which accounts for the Lagrangian path integral's "success". Feynman also invented the Hamiltonian phase-space path integral, which is fully compatible with the uncertainty principle. We recast this as an ordinary functional integral by changing direct integration over subpaths constrained to all have the same two endpoints into an equivalent integration over those subpaths' unconstrained second derivatives. Function expansion with generalized Legendre polynomials of time then enables the functional integral to be unambiguously evaluated through first order in the elapsed time, yielding the Schroedinger equation with a unique quantization of the classical Hamiltonian. Widespread disbelief in that uniqueness stemmed from the mistaken notion that no subpath can have its two endpoints arbitrarily far separated when its nonzero elapsed time is made arbitrarily short. We also obtain the quantum amplitude for any specified configuration or momentum path, which turns out to be an ordinary functional integral over, respectively, all momentum or all configuration paths. The first of these results is directly compared with Feynman's mistaken Lagrangian-action hypothesis for such a configuration path amplitude, with special heed to the case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta.
The integrals in the path integral are strongly oscillating and can only be defined by analytic continuation. It is important to note that the continuous expression is just a notation for the discrete version of the path integral, but formal manipulations will be much easier to perform in this continuous formulation. Furthermore, the integral is only defined through the analytic continuation in time. As long as the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the momenta, the stationary phase approximation for the momentum integral is exact. In practical situations one splits from the action the quadratic part in the coordinates and velocities and considers the rest as a perturbation.
Abstract In Chapter 2, a path integral representation of the quantum operator e-β H in the case of Hamiltonians H of the separable form p2/2m + V(q) has been constructed. Here, the construction is extended to Hamiltonians that are more general functions of phase space variables. This results in integrals over paths in phase space involving the action expressed in terms of the classical Hamiltonian H(p,q). However, it is shown that, in the general case, the path integral is not completely defined, and this reflects the problem that the classical Hamiltonian does not specify completely the quantum Hamiltonian, due to the problem of ordering quantum operators in products. When the Hamiltonian is a quadratic function of the momentum variables, the integral over momenta is Gaussian and can be performed. In the separable example, the path integral of Chapter 2 is recovered. In the case of the charged particle in a magnetic field a more general form is found, which is ambiguous, since a problem of operator ordering arises, and the ambiguity must be fixed. Hamiltonians that are general quadratic functions provide other important examples, which are analysed thoroughly. Such Hamiltonians appear in the quantization of the motion on Riemannian manifolds. There, the problem of ambiguities is even more severe. The problem is illustrated by the analysis of the quantization of the free motion on the sphere SN−1.
Recently, doubts have been cast on the validity of the continuous-time coherent state path integral. This has led to controversies regarding the correct way of performing calculations with path integrals, and to several alternative definitions of what should be their continuous limit. Furthermore, the issue of a supposedly proper ordering of the Hamiltonian operator, entangled with the continuous-time limit, has led to considerable confusion in the literature. Since coherent state path integrals are at the basis of the modern formulation of many-body quantum theory, it should be laid on solid foundations. Here, we show that the standard coherent state path integral is fine as it is, and does not need any modification. We show that the issues raised above are coming from illegitimate use of the (standard) rules of calculus, which are not necessarily valid in path integrals. This is well known in the context of stochastic equations, in particular in their path integral formulation. This insight allows for solving these issues, and addressing the correspondence between the various orderings at the level of the path integral. We also use this opportunity to address the proper calculation of a functional determinant in the presence of a Hubbard-Stratonovich field, which shares in the controversies.