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arXiv:cond-mat/0005133 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Bose-Einstein condensation of rubidium atoms in a triaxial TOP trap

Jörg Helge Müller, D. Ciampini, O. Morsch, G. Smirne, Marco Fazzi, Philippe Verkerk, F. Fuso, E. Arimondo

Published Sep 15, 2000• 25 citations
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Abstract

We report the results of experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms in a triaxial TOP trap, presenting measurements of the condensate fraction and the free expansion of a condensate released from the trap. The experimental apparatus and the methods used to calibrate the magnetic trapping fields are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our apparatus with other TOP traps and discuss possible limiting factors for the size of condensates achievable in such traps.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/33/19/320

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We report the results of experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms in a triaxial TOP trap, presenting measurements of the condensate fraction and the free expansion of a condensate released from the trap. The experimental apparatus and the methods used to calibrate the magnetic trapping fields are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our apparatus with other TOP traps and discuss possible limiting factors for the size of condensates achievable in such traps.
Different experiments with Bose-Einstein rubidium condensates are presented in order to evidence the impact of condensate samples for the research in quantum optics and quantum physics. Measurements of the condensate free expansion, of the geometric forces acting on the condensate trapped into a time-orbiting-potential triaxial magnetic trap, of the acceleration of the condensate through a one-dimensional, off-resonant optical lattices and finally of the photoionization of the rubidium atoms composing the condensate are presented.
We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a magnetic time-averaged orbiting potential (TOP) trap. Over $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ atoms are captured in the trap and evaporatively cooled to produce condensates containing up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. We discuss special considerations relating to the production of large Bose-Einstein condensates in a TOP trap, and present measurements of the condensate fraction for this case.
Nonadiabatic motion of Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms arising from the dynamical nature of a time-orbiting-potential (TOP) trap was observed experimentally. The orbital micromotion of the condensate in velocity space at the frequency of the rotating bias field of the TOP was detected by a time-of-flight method. A dependence of the equilibrium position of the atoms on the sense of rotation of the bias field was observed. We have compared our experimental findings with numerical simulations. The nonadiabatic following of the atomic spin in the trap rotating magnetic field produces geometric forces acting on the trapped atoms.
A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 x 10(12) per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.