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arXiv:chao-dyn/9805020 · Nonlinearity

Quantum baker map on the sphere

Prot Pakónski, Andrzej Ostruszka, Karol Życzkowski

Published Jan 1, 1999• 13 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We define a class of dynamical systems on the sphere analogous to the baker map on the torus. The classical maps are characterized by dynamical entropy equal to ln 2. We construct and investigate a family of the corresponding quantum maps. In the simplest case of the model the system does not possess a time reversal symmetry and the quantum map is represented by real, orthogonal matrices of even dimension. The semiclassical ensemble of quantum maps, obtained by averaging over a range of matrix sizes, displays statistical properties characteristic of circular unitary ensemble. Time evolution of such systems may be studied with the help of the SU (2) coherent states and the generalized Husimi distribution.

DOI
10.1088/0951-7715/12/2/007

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This work concerns the finding of the semi-classical form of the coherent state representation for the class of quantum baker’s maps defined by Schack and Caves. It begins by introducing the finite-dimensional Hilbert space on which the quantum baker’s map is defined. Its pertinent features including the all important symmetry operators are introduced and given a full explanation. We also introduce the finite-dimensional phase space which will give the semi-classical limit a geometrical interpretation. For a D dimensional Hilbert space, the finite-dimensional phase space is found to be a grid with D2 points. Each point corresponds to a particular pair of position and momentum displacement operator eigenphases. We then detail the derivation of the finite-dimension version of the Wigner function, a quasi-distribution for the finite-dimensional phase space. We show that its most “irregular” feature, mainly its property of having more values than was thought necessary, can be explained by its correct behavior under the symmetry operations, a feature lacking in other Wigner candidates. However, even this special choice for the Wigner function proves unusable in the semi-classical limit as it is found to have a non-convergent limit. We then turn to another possible phase space function: the Q-function. It being necessary to find a suitable coherent state for the finite-dimensional Hilbert space, we begin by studying the properties of the periodically continued Gaussian states. These are the typical Weyl coherent states made periodic in both position and momentum such as to make them legitimate finite-dimensional states. Developing certain mathematical techniques allows us to show that they have compatible position and momentum representations, that a subset of them are complete and can be used to define a Q-function, and that this function obeys all of the symmetry properties. Finally, we use these coherent states to find a representation for the propagator of the quantum baker’s map. In the semi-classical limit, i.e. the large dimension limit, this representation is found, for most of the maps, to take a form of the exponentiation of the classical map’s generating function. This form was predicted long ago by Van Vleck as indicator of an operator’s classical limit. Therefore, we assert that these maps limit to the classically chaotic baker’s map. In certain limiting schemes, however, the Schack-Caves maps do not reach this form and must be given a different interpretation.

•Jan 1, 2002•1 citation
We define a class of dynamical systems on the sphere analogous to the baker map on the torus. The classical maps are characterized by dynamical entropy equal to ln 2. We construct and investigate a family of the corresponding quantum maps. In the simplest case of the model the system does not possess a time reversal symmetry and the quantum map is represented by real, orthogonal matrices of even dimension. The semiclassical ensemble of quantum maps, obtained by averaging over a range of matrix sizes, displays statistical properties characteristic of circular unitary ensemble. Time evolution of such systems may be studied with the help of the SU (2) coherent states and the generalized Husimi distribution.
The quantum baker map possesses two symmetries: a canonical ``spatial'' symmetry, and a time-reversal symmetry. We show that, even when these features are taken into account, the asymptotic entangling power of the baker's map does not always agree with the predictions of random matrix theory. We have verified that the dimension of the Hilbert space is the crucial parameter that determines whether the entangling properties of the baker map are universal or not. For power-of-2 dimensions, i.e., qubit systems, an anomalous entangling power is observed; otherwise the behavior of the baker map is consistent with random matrix theories. We also derive a general formula that relates the asymptotic entangling power of an arbitrary unitary with properties of its reduced eigenvectors.
Topological and geometrical properties of the set of mixed quantum states in the N -dimensional Hilbert space are analysed. Assuming that the corresponding classical dynamics takes place on the sphere we use the vector SU (2) coherent states and the generalized Husimi distributions to define the Monge distance between two arbitrary density matrices. The Monge metric has a simple semiclassical interpretation and induces a non-trivial geometry. Among all pure states the distance from the maximally mixed state ρ * , proportional to the identity matrix, admits the largest value for the coherent states, while the delocalized `chaotic' states are close to ρ * . This contrasts the geometry induced by the standard (trace, Hilbert-Schmidt or Bures) metrics, for which the distance from ρ * is the same for all pure states. We discuss possible physical consequences including unitary time evolution and the process of decoherence. We introduce also a simplified Monge metric, defined in the space of pure quantum states and more suitable for numerical computation.
Classical chaotic systems are distinguished by their sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The absence of this property in quantum systems has lead to a number of proposals for perturbation-based characterizations of quantum chaos, including linear growth of entropy, exponential decay of fidelity, and hypersensitivity to perturbation. All of these accurately predict chaos in the classical limit, but it is not clear that they behave the same far from the classical realm. We investigate the dynamics of a family of quantizations of the baker's map, which range from a highly entangling unitary transformation to an essentially trivial shift map. Linear entropy growth and fidelity decay are exhibited by this entire family of maps, but hypersensitivity distinguishes between the simple dynamics of the trivial shift map and the more complicated dynamics of the other quantizations. This conclusion is supported by an analytical argument for short times and numerical evidence at later times.
We obtain exact analytic expressions for a class of functions expressed as integrals over the Haar measure of the unitary group in d dimensions. Based on these general mathematical results, we investigate generic dynamical properties of complex open quantum systems, employing arguments from ensemble theory. We further generalize these results to arbitrary eigenvalue distributions, allowing a detailed comparison of typical regular and chaotic systems with the help of concepts from random matrix theory. To illustrate the physical relevance and the general applicability of our results we present a series of examples related to the fields of open quantum systems and nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics. These include the effect of initial correlations, the average quantum dynamical maps, the generic dynamics of system-environment pure state entanglement and, finally, the equilibration of generic open and closed quantum systems.
This work concerns the finding of the semi-classical form of the coherent state representation for the class of quantum baker’s maps defined by Schack and Caves. It begins by introducing the finite-dimensional Hilbert space on which the quantum baker’s map is defined. Its pertinent features including the all important symmetry operators are introduced and given a full explanation. We also introduce the finite-dimensional phase space which will give the semi-classical limit a geometrical interpretation. For a D dimensional Hilbert space, the finite-dimensional phase space is found to be a grid with D2 points. Each point corresponds to a particular pair of position and momentum displacement operator eigenphases. We then detail the derivation of the finite-dimension version of the Wigner function, a quasi-distribution for the finite-dimensional phase space. We show that its most “irregular” feature, mainly its property of having more values than was thought necessary, can be explained by its correct behavior under the symmetry operations, a feature lacking in other Wigner candidates. However, even this special choice for the Wigner function proves unusable in the semi-classical limit as it is found to have a non-convergent limit. We then turn to another possible phase space function: the Q-function. It being necessary to find a suitable coherent state for the finite-dimensional Hilbert space, we begin by studying the properties of the periodically continued Gaussian states. These are the typical Weyl coherent states made periodic in both position and momentum such as to make them legitimate finite-dimensional states. Developing certain mathematical techniques allows us to show that they have compatible position and momentum representations, that a subset of them are complete and can be used to define a Q-function, and that this function obeys all of the symmetry properties. Finally, we use these coherent states to find a representation for the propagator of the quantum baker’s map. In the semi-classical limit, i.e. the large dimension limit, this representation is found, for most of the maps, to take a form of the exponentiation of the classical map’s generating function. This form was predicted long ago by Van Vleck as indicator of an operator’s classical limit. Therefore, we assert that these maps limit to the classically chaotic baker’s map. In certain limiting schemes, however, the Schack-Caves maps do not reach this form and must be given a different interpretation.