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云南大学学报:自然科学版

“Which Way”实验,波粒二象性的可能破缺和新的二象性

张一方

Published Mar 15, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

最近的某些实验显示出量子物理的许多新特性.Which Way(WW)实验暗示波粒二象性可能破缺.由此应该继续检验量子波动性对单个粒子、极小的时空范围、短程强弱相互作用及高能过程等方面的有效性.这些实验为粒子物理的发展方向提出了多种可能性.基于对量子力学的统计基础和粒子物理的总体特征进行的讨论,可以得到理论的一种发展方向:对称性-统计性的新的二象性.由于统计性和量子场论一一对应,它又联系于一般的泛量子理论.

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Abstract. We examine two setups that reveal different operational implications of path-phase complementarity for single photons in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). In both setups, the which-way (WW) information is recorded in the polarization state of the photon serving as a “flying which-way detector”. In the “predictive” variant, using a fixed initial state, one obtains duality relation between the probability to correctly predict the outcome of either a which-way (WW) or which-phase (WP) measurement (equivalent to the conventional path-distinguishibility-visibility). In this setup, only one or the other (WW or WP) prediction has operational meaning in a single experiment. In the second, “retrodictive ” protocol, the initial state is secretly selected for each photon by one party, Alice, among a set of initial states which may differ in the amplitudes and phases of the photon in each arm of the MZI. The goal of the other party, Bob, is to retrodict the initial state by measurements on the photon. Here, a similar duality relation between WP and WW probabilities, governs their simultaneous guesses in each experimental run.

•Nov 20, 2012•3 citations
最近的某些实验显示出量子物理的许多新特性.Which Way(WW)实验暗示波粒二象性可能破缺.由此应该继续检验量子波动性对单个粒子、极小的时空范围、短程强弱相互作用及高能过程等方面的有效性.这些实验为粒子物理的发展方向提出了多种可能性.基于对量子力学的统计基础和粒子物理的总体特征进行的讨论,可以得到理论的一种发展方向:对称性-统计性的新的二象性.由于统计性和量子场论一一对应,它又联系于一般的泛量子理论.
直观本体论把事物分割看做直观想象的纯几何过程,认为事物由无穷点组成,产生了还原论与构成论观念,因而遭遇了“芝诺悖论”和“发散困难”等一系列理论困境。量子力学将测量过程看成实验操作过程,它是事物普遍内在作用的特殊形式。因此,对空间的分辨率取决于不同分割的相互作用能量单元(能量子),它决定相应的不可分割“最小时空单元”。不同的能量分割单位产生了事物的不同层级,造成了不同层次现象之间的“脱耦”。同一相互作用则裂变为各个不同能级的相互作用过程,从而形成了“尺度对称性——自相似性”。各层次又在一定条件下相互耦合,产生了复杂性现象。量子力学由此用“层展论”取代了“还原论”。
A two-loop perfect-crystal neutron interferometer was used for the quantitative determination of which-way (WW) information and the verification of the duality relation between predictability and visibility. Our interferometer has two remarkable features, it allows the absorption-free tuning of WW information and it enables the simultaneous measurement of the duality relation without changing the interferometer setup. In addition, the duality relation of three interfering beams is a good demonstration that WW information should not be misused as particle property because one interferometer beam remains in a coherent superposition of two path alternatives, which is not consistent with the particle picture. The coherent WW tuning was performed without changing the neutron's momentum and without dephasing.
We examine two setups that reveal different operational implications of path-phase complementarity for single photons in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). In both setups, the which-way (WW) information is recorded in the polarization state of the photon serving as a "flying which-way detector". In the "predictive" variant, using a {\em fixed} initial state, one obtains duality relation between the probability to correctly predict the outcome of either a which-way (WW) or which-phase (WP) measurement (equivalent to the conventional path-distinguishibility-visibility). In this setup, only one or the other (WW or WP) prediction has operational meaning in a single experiment. In the second, "retrodictive" protocol, the initial state is secretly selected {\em for each photon} by one party, Alice, among a set of initial states which may differ in the amplitudes and phases of the photon in each arm of the MZI. The goal of the other party, Bob, is to retrodict the initial state by measurements on the photon. Here, a similar duality relation between WP and WW probabilities, governs their {\em simultaneous} guesses in {\em each experimental run}.
一、何谓“主客体统一论”?“主客体统一论”是一种什么样的哲学思潮? 甲:在一篇《评所谓“对主客体不可分性的再认识”》的商榷性的文章中(《高校社会科学》,1990年第5期,以下简称《再认识》),曾指出柳树滋同志在对量子力学的科学内容的理解和哲学问题的解释上存在着一系列错误,今天读到他的一篇答辩文章,《微观测量问题与主客体关系——兼答何祚庥先生》(《高校理论战线》,1991年第2期,以下简称《答辩》)。
Abstract. We examine two setups that reveal different operational implications of path-phase complementarity for single photons in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). In both setups, the which-way (WW) information is recorded in the polarization state of the photon serving as a “flying which-way detector”. In the “predictive” variant, using a fixed initial state, one obtains duality relation between the probability to correctly predict the outcome of either a which-way (WW) or which-phase (WP) measurement (equivalent to the conventional path-distinguishibility-visibility). In this setup, only one or the other (WW or WP) prediction has operational meaning in a single experiment. In the second, “retrodictive ” protocol, the initial state is secretly selected for each photon by one party, Alice, among a set of initial states which may differ in the amplitudes and phases of the photon in each arm of the MZI. The goal of the other party, Bob, is to retrodict the initial state by measurements on the photon. Here, a similar duality relation between WP and WW probabilities, governs their simultaneous guesses in each experimental run.