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Demonstration of Berry Phase in Optical Spectroscopy

H.-R. Xia, Yong Zhang, Hongji Jiang, Liangen Ding

Published Jan 1, 1996• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this paper we demonstrate that the observed phase shift of the RF signal and its intensity dependence under extreme low pump and probe laser field conditions are dominated by Berry phase effect in optical spectroscopy with good adiabatic approximation, which provides all features' agreements between the theoretical and the experimental results.

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Nonstationary effects in velocity-selective optical pumping

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Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1986•29 citations
In this paper we demonstrate that the observed phase shift of the RF signal and its intensity dependence under extreme low pump and probe laser field conditions are dominated by Berry phase effect in optical spectroscopy with good adiabatic approximation, which provides all features' agreements between the theoretical and the experimental results.
We discuss experimental observations of an induced phase shift of the rf signal produced in frequency-modulated saturated-absorption measurements under the conditions of large probe-beam intensities. This phase shift can be understood in terms of the phase difference between the phase modulation of the optical driving field and the steady-state macroscopic polarization of the medium. We also present theoretically calculated spectra that are based on the optical Bloch equations and that are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
We discuss experimental observations of an induced phase shift of the rf signal produced in FM saturated absorption measurements under the conditions of large probe beam intensities. This phase shift can be understood in terms of the phase difference between the phase modulation of the optical driving field and the steady state macroscopic polarization of the medium. This phase difference is relatively insensitive to detuning of the laser from the atomic resonance, such that essentially the same spectrum can be observed by changing the rf detection phase. We also present theoretically calculated spectra which are based on the optical Bloch equations, and which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
We report the first observation of the geometric phase of a quantum system driven by laser fields. The observable geometric phase effects in optical FM spectroscopy, here distinguished from various known lineshape changes due to spectroscopic or technical causes, are characterized by the following aspects: (1) Dramatic lineshape variation of the optical heterodyne signal due to a monotonic signal phase change with increasing probe power; (2) The lineshape changes are associated with a nearly pure phase-change effect; and (3) The phase-change rate with probe power depends on rf sideband frequency, and less strongly on the rf modulation index.
A theoretical analysis of the relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals in saturation spectroscopy, velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, polarization spectroscopy and a mixing of saturation and polarization spectroscopies is presented using the approximation of a single cycle of optical pumping in a four-level system. An optical pumping process in the Zeeman sublevels is taken into account owing to the important role of spontaneous emission even if the sublevels are degenerate. Arbitrary polarization combinations are considered for pump and probe beams. The similarities and differences between three kinds of spectroscopy are made clear. Both circular and linear optical anisotropies induced by the pump beam are considered in this theoretical calculation. The magnitude and sign of Doppler-free resonances in each spectroscopy are quite different owing to the polarizations of the pump and probe beams. The four-level system is important as a three-level approximation. The results obtained from the four-level optical pumping theory are in good agreement with experimental reports.
Time-dependent analysis of nonstationary effects in velocity-selective optical pumping is performed with a four-level model for weak light intensities. No phenomenological relaxation constants are introduced and the nonstationary effects are obtained as the consequence of averaging the time evolution of individual atoms in a vapor phase moving in the light fields when typical pumping times are comparable with the finite laser-beam transit times. Under appropriate conditions strong deformation of the population distribution of the long-lived lower state occurs, which in the case of polarization spectroscopy is responsible for the appearance of a dip (possibly narrower than the homogeneous linewidth) in the center of a Doppler-free resonance. The theoretical results are in a good qualitative agreement with the recent experimental observations.