Dualism and Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics. Towards New Consistent Theories

Alfred Landé

Jeffrey Alan Barrett

Robert B. Jones

Hongxing Li

In this paper, I review one of the most important and interesting parts of my new book “Fuzzy Systems to Quantum Mechanics” (see Ref. 1). Several conclusions in this part are worth introducing here. First of all, the motion of a mass point in classic mechanics has also waviness and the wave function of the motion of a mass point is composed of wave functions of countably infinite microscopic particles. Secondly, based on the waviness of the motion of a mass point we surely know the new conclusion described as the wave-mass-point dualism in classic mechanics. And thirdly, by using the closed relation between the wave-mass-point dualism in classic mechanics and the wave-particle dualism in quantum mechanics, unified theory of classic mechanics and quantum mechanics is naturally formed.

Euan J. Squires

Shiro Ishikawa

Recently we proposed the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is called quantum language or measurement theory. This theory is valid for both quantum and classical systems. Thus, we think that quantum language is one of the most powerful scientific theories, like statistics, and thus, it is the scientific completion (i.e., the destination) of dualistic idealism. If so, we can introduce the concept “progress” in the dualistic idealism. For example, we can assert that [Plato → Descartes → Kant → Wittgenstein → quantum language], where [“X” → “Y”] means that “Y” is more like quantum language than “X”. In this paper, we will study the problem of universals from the perspective of quantum language (i.e., from the scientific perspective of ignoring any religious perspective). And we can be confident of the progress of both of the two time series [Plato → Anselmus → Thomas Aquinas → quantum language] and [Descartes → Thomas Aquinas → quantum language] in dualistic idealism. The reader may find it surprising that Scholastic philosophy is more scientific than Cartesian-Kantian philosophy. However, this is because Descartes gave up the pursuit of “universals” and presented dualism as a visible “mind-matter dualism” so that it could be familiar to the general public. This made the Cartesian-Kantian philosophy socially successful, but unscientific. The problem of universals has not always been clear in the long history of philosophy. The reader should be convinced that the reason is that the problem of universals has been discussed in an incomplete non-scientific dualism to this day.