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Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks

Time Domain Correlations and Gated Detection of Quantum Solitons

D. Levaridovsky, Michael Vasilyev, Prem Kumar

Published Dec 19, 2005• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We study the time-domain quantum-noise properties of solitons in optical fibers. Perturbation theory, including quantum description of the continuum, is used to derive a complete analytical expression for the second-order correlator of the amplitude quadrature in time domain. This correlator is subsequently used to calculate the photon-number noise reduction below the standard quantum limit by means of a time-gating filter. For propagation distances up to three soliton periods, the length at which the best noise reduction occurs, a square band-reject time filter is found to produce approximately 3.2 dB of squeezing.

DOI
10.1007/0-306-47097-7_62

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We study the time-domain quantum-noise properties of solitons in optical fibers. Perturbation theory, including quantum description of the continuum, is used to derive a complete analytical expression for the second-order correlator of the amplitude quadrature in time domain. This correlator is subsequently used to calculate the photon-number noise reduction below the standard quantum limit by means of a time-gating filter. For propagation distances up to three soliton periods, the length at which the best noise reduction occurs, a square band-reject time filter is found to produce approximately 3.2 dB of squeezing.
We study the quantum-noise properties of spectrally filtered solitons in optical fibers. Perturbation theory, including a quantum description of the continuum, is used to derive a complete analytical expression for the second-order correlator of the amplitude quadrature. This correlator is subsequently used to optimize the frequency response of the filter numerically in order to achieve the minimum photon-number noise. For propagation distances up to three soliton periods, the length at which the best noise reduction occurs, a square filter is found to be approximately optimum. For longer distances, more-complicated filter shapes are predicted for the best noise reduction.
We present new results on photon number squeezing of spectrally filtered solitons in fibers. The impact of frequency low-, high-, and bandpass filtering on noise reduction has been measured as a function of fiber length for 130-fs pulses close to the soliton energy. For short fibers our results agree qualitatively with theoretical predictions. For longer fibers, however, the measured squeezing increases to an unexpectedly large value. Filtering out the long-wavelength components of strongly Raman-shifted, higher energy pulses squeezed the directly detected photocurrent fluctuations down to 3.8+/-0,2 dB (59%) below the shot noise level. The measured noise reductions are broadband from 5 to 90 MHz.
The quantum dynamics of coherent optical pulses are studied using a nondiagonal coherent-state generalized PPP representation including photon-phonon interactions. Photon-number squeezing of coherent quantum solitons using spectral filtering is theoretically predicted. It is shown that Raman noise does not significantly reduce photon-number squeezing produced by spectral filtering of 1-ps fundamental coherent quantum solitons in optical fibers. Coherent NsechNsechNsech pulses with N>1N>1N>1 can show a larger reduction in photon-number fluctuations even at room temperature. The reduction in quantum noise for N>1N>1N>1 is not restricted to photon number and an improvement of more than 3 dB is also found for the quadrature-phase squeezed soliton experiments using a fiber Sagnac interferometer at 77 K.
Recent experimental results on edge-filtered (also referred to as low- and high-pass filters) subpicosecond optical solitons have raised a number of theoretical questions concerning the origin of the reduced photon- number fluctuations. One of the main experimental results was that for long fibers, on the order of 100 soliton periods, the measured photon-number squeezing increased with propagation distance in contrast with theoretical calculations for picosecond solitons at that time. Here I present theoretical results on photon statistics of edge-filtered subpicosecond optical solitons. The numerical simulations include coupling to phonons via a Raman interaction, in addition to the electronic Kerr nonlinearity, and are in good agreement with the experimental data over the range of propagation distances investigated so far. The theoretical results clearly show that the phenomena observed are not related to long fiber propagation but to the Raman self-frequency shift and should be more clearly observable using cooled fiber.