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Information Security and Cryptology

Secure Direct Communication protocol Using Entanglement Swapping

Changho Hong, Hwayean Lee, Ji‐In Kim, Jongin Lim, Hyung-Jin Yang

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We propose a direct communication protocol using entanglement swapping. The safety of this protocol is guaranteed by the basic properties of entanglement swapping. This protocol is efficient to transmit two classical bits of information per one session. This efficiency is better than that of ping-pong protocol suggested by Bostrom and Felbinger. Even if an eavesdropper intervenes in midway, the eavesdropper will be detected with the probability of in the verification process of one bit. Therefore the perfect security is guaranteed if we use enough amount of bits for the verification process.

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We propose a direct communication protocol using entanglement swapping. The safety of this protocol is guaranteed by the basic properties of entanglement swapping. This protocol is efficient to transmit two classical bits of information per one session. This efficiency is better than that of ping-pong protocol suggested by Bostrom and Felbinger. Even if an eavesdropper intervenes in midway, the eavesdropper will be detected with the probability of in the verification process of one bit. Therefore the perfect security is guaranteed if we use enough amount of bits for the verification process.
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particle sequences according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. By both Alice and Bob's GHZ state measurement results, Bob is able to read out the encoded secret messages directly. The protocol is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used, because there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel.
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particles sequence according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information to a potential eavesdropper. By both Alice and Bob's GHZ state measurement results, Bob is able to read out the encoded secret messages directly. The protocol is completely secure if perfect quantum channel is used, because there is not a transmission of the qubits carrying the secret message between Alice and Bob in the public channel.
A quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on the hyper-entangled state is proposed to improve the efficiency of eavesdropping detection in an improved “ping-pong” protocol, in which we use the hyper-entangled state to detect eavesdropping during the quantum communication. In the security analysis, we use the entropy theory method to calculate the amount of information and compare the detection strategy of two QSDC protocols quantitatively by comparing the constraint between the maximal amount of information that the eavesdropper can get, and the probability that the eavesdropper is detected. The probability of being detected will be 50% in the original QSDC protocol which based on the Bell states if the eavesdropper attempts to get all the information, however, in the proposed protocol this probability can reach 75%, which indicates that the proposed protocol is more secure.
A protocol is proposed to fulfill quantum secure direct communication via swapping entanglement and local operation. Based on the scheme, we discuss something about the utilization of resource and the security of communication. We find that it is absolutely secure to transmit classical information using the scheme proposed. But the average amount of information loaded by each qubit is invariable, although the qubits' amount belonged to a maximally entanglement state is different. By using this scheme can we also improve the communicating efficiency.
A deterministic quantum communication protocol, called the ping-pong protocol, has been represented by Boström and Felbinger [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 187902]. Based on an entangled pair of photons, it allows asymptotically secure key distribution and quasi-secure direct communication. However, it was concluded from our previous research that the experiment realization of this protocol requires two optic paths strictly equivalent for interferometry. Here we propose an improved protocol, which is more flexible and secure for conceivable applications. Its feasibility and security are also discussed.
In this paper, by introducing the additional classical information and taking advantage of the property of quantum entanglement swapping of two photon pairs instead of the property of quantum entanglement of a photon pair, the Bostrom–Felbinger protocol [Phys. Rev. Lett.89, 187902 (2002)] is improved. In the improved protocol, when the photon travels from the message receiver's site to the message sender's site, any attack can be detected in the control mode. Moreover, it is deterministically successful to transmit the secret messages in the message mode. The security of the present improved protocol against the eavesdropping is ensured by the Bostrom–Felbinger protocol, and besides, the attacks proposed by Cai [Phys. Rev. Lett.90, 109801 (2003)] to attack the Bostrom–Felbinger protocol without eavesdropping can be prevented.