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The Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensates

B. G. Wild

Published Jan 1, 2011• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

In this thesis we develop an orthogonalised Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) formalism that has a zero-energy excitation (in contrast with standard HFB). We demonstrate that this formalism satisfies the number and linear/angular momentum conservation laws (as does standard HFB). This formalism is applied to vortices in 2D Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in axially-symmetric harmonic traps, where we initially find solutions for on-axis vortices, determining the energy spectrum and hence the lowest core localised state (LCLS) energy. In the T=0 case we identify this with the anomalous mode which gives a zero excitation energy in the frame rotating at this frequency. For this reason the anomalous mode frequency was identified in the earlier literature with the precessional frequency for an off-axis vortex. However the LCLS energy is positive in the finite temperature case. Hence, associating this LCLS energy with the precessional frequency leads to the erroneous conclusion that the vortex precesses in the opposite direction to the T=0 case, which is clearly physically unreasonable. In order to address this problem, we derive an equation for the prediction of vortex precessional frequencies from the continuity equation, and use this equation solved self-consisently with the orthogonal HFB equations in the frame rotating at this predicted frequency to create off-axis vortices at pre-specified positions. Hence we are able to predict the precessional frequencies and show that these are consistent with the T=0 case, and are entirely unrelated to the LCLS energy. We also consider a two-state model and demonstrate that this model is insufficient for the description of single off-axis precessing vortices. We formulate a generalised multi-state model, using the normalisation conditions for the model to derive an equation predicting the precessional frequency of the vortex, and demonstrate equivalence with the continuity equation prediction. We use the time-dependent HFB equations to simulate creation of vortices by stirring the BEC by means of a Gaussian optical potential, finding very good agreement of the measured precessional frequencies of the vortices in stirred BECs with the predicted values. We find the existence of a critical stirring frequency for the creation of vortices in regions of appreciable superfluid density, in qualitative agreement with experiment. We then investigate the consequences of breaking rotational symmetry and find that breaking the axial symmetry of the harmonic trapping potential leads to loss of angular momentum, and hence to the decay of vortices. Finally we develop a finite temperature treatment of the Bose-Hubbard model based upon the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov formalism in the Popov approximation to study the effect of temperature upon the superfluid phase of ultracold, weakly interacting bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice.

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We present a method utilizing the continuity equation for the condensate density to make predictions of the precessional frequency of single off-axis vortices and of vortex arrays in Bose-Einstein condensates at finite temperature. We also present an orthogonalized Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) formalism. We solve the continuity equation for the condensate density self-consistently with the orthogonalized HFB equations and find stationary solutions in the frame rotating at this frequency. As an example of the utility of this formalism we obtain time-independent solutions for quasi-two-dimensional rotating systems in the corotating frame. We compare these results with time-dependent predictions where we simulate stirring of the condensate.

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Bose-Einstein condensation, first predicted by Bose and Einstein in 1924, was finally realized in dilute, weakly interacting gases of alkali atoms in 1995. A few years later, quantized vortices - intimately related to the phenomenon of superfluidity - were created and observed in these novel quantum many-body systems.\n\nIn this Thesis, vortices in dilute atomic Bose-Einstein condensates are studied theoretically and computationally using microscopic mean-field theory formalisms. Special emphasis is on the structure and the stability of vortices at finite temperatures. The formation of quantized circulation in Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated, as well as multiply quantized vorticity and the adiabaticity of the precessing motion of a vortex.\n\nThis research strongly relies on numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the macroscopic condensate wavefunction and the coupled Bogoliubov equations and their variants for the collective quasiparticle excitation eigenmodes. The computed elementary excitation spectra are used, for instance, in determining the local stability of various condensate states. The vortex formation process is studied at finite temperatures in terms of the surface modes of the condensate providing the Landau critical velocities for the breakdown of superfluidity. Free energy calculations are used for determining the thermodynamic equilibrium states.\n\nSingly quantized, axisymmetric vortex states are found to be locally energetically stable even in the zero-temperature limit within the self-consistent finite-temperature approximations. This would imply for the vortex a precession direction opposite to that observed in the experiment. Adiabatic approximation of quantum mechanics is formulated for Bose-Einstein condensed systems and is applied to a case of a moving vortex line. The experimentally observed precessing motion of the vortex is found to be nonadiabatic. A method to create stable multiply quantized vortices using an additional pinning potential is presented. The computed critical trap rotation frequencies for vortex nucleation at finite temperatures are in agreement with experiments and the predictions of zero-temperature field theories.

•Jan 10, 2003•0 citations
In this thesis we develop an orthogonalised Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) formalism that has a zero-energy excitation (in contrast with standard HFB). We demonstrate that this formalism satisfies the number and linear/angular momentum conservation laws (as does standard HFB). This formalism is applied to vortices in 2D Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in axially-symmetric harmonic traps, where we initially find solutions for on-axis vortices, determining the energy spectrum and hence the lowest core localised state (LCLS) energy. In the T=0 case we identify this with the anomalous mode which gives a zero excitation energy in the frame rotating at this frequency. For this reason the anomalous mode frequency was identified in the earlier literature with the precessional frequency for an off-axis vortex. However the LCLS energy is positive in the finite temperature case. Hence, associating this LCLS energy with the precessional frequency leads to the erroneous conclusion that the vortex precesses in the opposite direction to the T=0 case, which is clearly physically unreasonable. In order to address this problem, we derive an equation for the prediction of vortex precessional frequencies from the continuity equation, and use this equation solved self-consisently with the orthogonal HFB equations in the frame rotating at this predicted frequency to create off-axis vortices at pre-specified positions. Hence we are able to predict the precessional frequencies and show that these are consistent with the T=0 case, and are entirely unrelated to the LCLS energy. We also consider a two-state model and demonstrate that this model is insufficient for the description of single off-axis precessing vortices. We formulate a generalised multi-state model, using the normalisation conditions for the model to derive an equation predicting the precessional frequency of the vortex, and demonstrate equivalence with the continuity equation prediction. We use the time-dependent HFB equations to simulate creation of vortices by stirring the BEC by means of a Gaussian optical potential, finding very good agreement of the measured precessional frequencies of the vortices in stirred BECs with the predicted values. We find the existence of a critical stirring frequency for the creation of vortices in regions of appreciable superfluid density, in qualitative agreement with experiment. We then investigate the consequences of breaking rotational symmetry and find that breaking the axial symmetry of the harmonic trapping potential leads to loss of angular momentum, and hence to the decay of vortices. Finally we develop a finite temperature treatment of the Bose-Hubbard model based upon the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov formalism in the Popov approximation to study the effect of temperature upon the superfluid phase of ultracold, weakly interacting bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice.
We present a method utilizing the continuity equation for the condensate density to make predictions of the precessional frequency of single off-axis vortices and of vortex arrays in Bose-Einstein condensates at finite temperature. We also present an orthogonalized Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) formalism. We solve the continuity equation for the condensate density self-consistently with the orthogonalized HFB equations and find stationary solutions in the frame rotating at this frequency. As an example of the utility of this formalism we obtain time-independent solutions for quasi-two-dimensional rotating systems in the corotating frame. We compare these results with time-dependent predictions where we simulate stirring of the condensate.
We demonstrate that the precessional frequencies of vortices in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are determined by a conservation law and not by the lowest-lying excitation energy mode. We determine the precessional frequency for a single off-axis vortex and vortex lattices in BECs using the continuity equation and solve this self-consistently with the time-independent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations in the rotating frame. We find agreement with zero-temperature calculations (Bogoliubov approximation) and a smooth variation in the precession frequency as the temperature is increased. Time-dependent solutions confirm the validity of these predictions.
A rotating bosonic many-body system in a harmonic trap is studied with the three-dimensional cranked Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method at zero temperature, which has been applied to nuclear many-body systems at high spin. This method is a variational method extended from Hartree-Fock theory, which can treat the pairing correlations in a self-consistent manner. An advantage of this method is that a finite-range interaction between constituent particles can be used in the calculation, unlike the original Gross-Pitaevskii approach. To demonstrate the validity of our method, we present a calculation for a toy model---that is, a rotating system of ten bosonic particles interacting through the repulsive quadrupole-quadrupole interaction in a harmonic trap. It is found that the yrast states, the lowest-energy states for the given total angular momentum, do not correspond to the Bose-Einstein condensate, except for a few special cases. One such case is a vortex state, which appears when the total angular momentum LLL is twice the particle number NNN (i.e., L=2NL=2NL=2N).
We study the stability of vortices in trapped single-component Bose–Einstein condensates within self-consistent mean-field theories; in particular, we consider the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov–Popov theory and its recently proposed gapless extensions. It is shown that for sufficiently repulsively interacting systems the anomalous negative-energy modes related to vortex instabilities are lifted to positive energies due to partial filling of the vortex core with noncondensed gas. Such behaviour implies that within these theories the vortex states are eventually stable against the transfer of condensate matter to the anomalous core modes. This self-stabilization of vortices, shown to occur under very general circumstances, is contrasted to the predictions of the non-self-consistent Bogoliubov approximation, which is known to exhibit anomalous modes for all vortex configurations and thus implying instability of these states. In addition, the shortcomings of these approximations in describing the properties of vortices are analysed, and the need for a self-consistent theory taking properly into account the coupled dynamics of the condensate and the noncondensate atoms is emphasized.
Abstract We introduce the map of dynamics of quantum Bose gases into dynamics of quasifree states, which we call the “nonlinear quasifree approximation”. We use this map to derive the time-dependent Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) equations describing the dynamics of quantum fluctuations around a Bose–Einstein condensate. We prove global well-posedness of the HFB equations for pair potentials satisfying suitable regularity conditions, and we establish important conservation laws. We show that the space of solutions of the HFB equations has a symplectic structure reminiscent of a Hamiltonian system. This is then used to relate the HFB equations to the HFB eigenvalue equations discussed in the physics literature. We also construct Gibbs equilibrium states at positive temperature associated with the HFB equations, and we establish criteria for the appearance of Bose–Einstein condensation.
Bose-Einstein condensation, first predicted by Bose and Einstein in 1924, was finally realized in dilute, weakly interacting gases of alkali atoms in 1995. A few years later, quantized vortices - intimately related to the phenomenon of superfluidity - were created and observed in these novel quantum many-body systems.\n\nIn this Thesis, vortices in dilute atomic Bose-Einstein condensates are studied theoretically and computationally using microscopic mean-field theory formalisms. Special emphasis is on the structure and the stability of vortices at finite temperatures. The formation of quantized circulation in Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated, as well as multiply quantized vorticity and the adiabaticity of the precessing motion of a vortex.\n\nThis research strongly relies on numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the macroscopic condensate wavefunction and the coupled Bogoliubov equations and their variants for the collective quasiparticle excitation eigenmodes. The computed elementary excitation spectra are used, for instance, in determining the local stability of various condensate states. The vortex formation process is studied at finite temperatures in terms of the surface modes of the condensate providing the Landau critical velocities for the breakdown of superfluidity. Free energy calculations are used for determining the thermodynamic equilibrium states.\n\nSingly quantized, axisymmetric vortex states are found to be locally energetically stable even in the zero-temperature limit within the self-consistent finite-temperature approximations. This would imply for the vortex a precession direction opposite to that observed in the experiment. Adiabatic approximation of quantum mechanics is formulated for Bose-Einstein condensed systems and is applied to a case of a moving vortex line. The experimentally observed precessing motion of the vortex is found to be nonadiabatic. A method to create stable multiply quantized vortices using an additional pinning potential is presented. The computed critical trap rotation frequencies for vortex nucleation at finite temperatures are in agreement with experiments and the predictions of zero-temperature field theories.