Algebraic mean field theory constructs a group theoretical model of quantum systems that have a weak dynamical symmetry but may break dynamical symmetry. The strong defining condition for dynamical symmetry is that states belong to one irreducible representation space. Weak dynamical symmetry demands that the densities corresponding to the states have a constant value for each Casimir. Quantum phase transitions and other complex systems exhibit weak dynamical symmetry. Furthermore mean field theory often yields analytic formulae for expectations and energy spectra that are not feasible in representation theory. This paper develops mean field theory on any coadjoint orbit of su (4) densities. The simple Lie algebra su (4) ≃ so (6) is a 15-dimensional algebra that contains the subalgebra usp (4) ≃ so (5) and the angular momentum algebra su (2). The su (4) dual space consists of density matrices which are defined by the expectations of the su (4) generators. A coadjoint orbit is a common level surface in the dual space of the three su (4) Casimirs. A Lax pair determines the dynamics of these densities on each coadjoint orbit. Analytic solutions are reported for rotating su (4) densities in equilibrium for a particular energy function.
Mean field theory has an unexpected group theoretic mathematical foundation. Instead of representation theory which applies to most group theoretic quantum models, Hartree-Fock and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov have been formulated in terms of coadjoint orbits for the groups U(n) and O(2n). The general theory of mean fields is formulated for any arbitrary Lie algebra {\textbf g} of fermion operators. The moment map provides the correspondence between the Hilbert space of microscopic wave functions and the dual space {\textbf g}
∗ of densities. The coadjoint orbits of the group in the dual space are phase spaces on which time-dependent mean field theory is equivalent to a classical Hamiltonian dynamical system. Indeed it forms a finite-dimensional Lax system. The SU(3) mean field theory is constructed explicitly in the coadjoint orbit framework.
Algebraic mean field theory (AMFT) is a many-body physics modeling tool which firstly, is a generalization of Hartree–Fock mean field theory, and secondly, an application of the orbit method from Lie representation theory. The AMFT ansatz is that the physical system enjoys a dynamical group, which may be either a strong or a weak dynamical Lie group G . When G is a strong dynamical group, the quantum states are, by definition, vectors in one irreducible unitary representation (irrep) space, and AMFT is equivalent to the Kirillov orbit method for deducing properties of a representation from a direct geometrical analysis of the associated integral co-adjoint orbit. AMFT can be the only tractable method for analyzing some complex many-body systems when the dimension of the irrep space of the strong dynamical group is very large or infinite. When G is a weak dynamical group, the quantum states are not vectors in one irrep space, but AMFT applies if the densities of the states lie on one non-integral co-adjoint orbit. The computational simplicity of AMFT is the same for both strong and weak dynamical groups. This paper formulates AMFT explicitly for unitary Lie algebras, and applies the general method to the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick (2) model and the Elliott (3) model. When the energy in the (3) theory is a rotational scalar function, Marsden–Weinstein reduction simplifies AMFT dynamics to a two-dimensional phase space.
Toward a unified algebraic theory for mean-field Hamiltonian describing paired- and unpaired-mode effects, in this paper, we propose a generalized Hartree–Bogoliubov mean-field Hamiltonian in terms of fermion pair and creation-annihilation operators of the [Formula: see text] Lie algebra. We diagonalize the generalized Hartree–Bogoliubov mean-field Hamiltonian and throughout its diagonalization we can first obtain the unpaired mode amplitudes which are given by the self-consistent field parameters appeared in the Hartree–Bogoliubov theory together with the additional self-consistent field parameter in the generalized Hartree–Bogoliubov mean-field Hamiltonian and by the parameter specifying the property of the [Formula: see text] group. Consequently, it turns out that the magnitudes of these amplitudes are governed by such parameters. Thus, it becomes possible to make clear a new aspect of such results. We construct the Killing potential in the coset space [Formula: see text] on the Kähler symmetric space which is equivalent to the generalized density matrix. We show another approach to the fermion mean-field Hamiltonian based on such a generalized density matrix. We derive an [Formula: see text] generalized Hartree–Bogoliubov mean-field Hamiltonian operator and a modified Hartree–Bogoliubov eigenvalue equation. We discuss on the mean-field theory related to the algebraic mean-field theory based on the generalized density matrix and the coadjoint orbit leading to the nondegenerate symplectic form.
We use the mathematical structure of group algebras and
H+-algebras for describing certain problems concerning the quantum dynamics of systems of angular momenta, including also the spin systems. The underlying groups are
SU(2) and its quotient
SO(3,R). The scheme developed is applied in two different contexts. Firstly, the purely group-algebraic framework is applied to the system of angular momenta of arbitrary origin, e.g., orbital angular momenta of electrons and nucleons, systems of quantized angular momenta of rotating extended objects like molecules. The other promising area of applications is Schrödinger quantum mechanics of rigid body with its often rather unexpected and very interesting features. Even within this Schrödinger framework the algebras of operators related to group algebras are a very useful tool. We investigate some problems of composed systems and the quasiclassical limit obtained as the asymptotics of "large" quantum numbers, i.e., "quickly oscillating" functions on groups. They are related in an interesting way to geometry of the coadjoint orbits of
SU(2).
We study, classify, and explore the mathematical properties of finite-dimensional Lie algebras occurring in the quantum dynamics of single-mode and self-interacting bosonic systems. These Lie algebras are contained in the real skew-hermitian Weyl algebra
A^1, defined as the real subalgebra of the Weyl algebra
A1 consisting of all skew-hermitian polynomials. A central aspect of our analysis is the choice of basis for
A^1, which is composed of skew-symmetric combinations of two elements of the Weyl algebra called monomials, namely strings of creation and annihilation operators combined with their hermitian conjugate. Motivated by the quest for analytical solutions in quantum optimal control and dynamics, we aim at answering the following three fundamental questions: (i) What are the finite-dimensional Lie subalgebras in
A^1 generated by monomials alone? (ii)~What are the finite-dimensional Lie subalgebras in
A^1 that contain the free Hamiltonian? (iii) What are the non-abelian and finite-dimensional Lie subalgebras that can be faithfully realized in
A^1? We answer the first question by providing all possible realizations of all finite-dimensional non-abelian Lie algebras that are generated by monomials alone. We answer the second question by proving that any non-abelian and finite-dimensional subalgebra of
A^1 that contains a free Hamiltonian term must be a subalgebra of the Schrödinger algebra. We partially answer the third question by classifying all nilpotent and non-solvable Lie algebras that can be realized in
A^1, and comment on the remaining cases. Finally, we also discuss the implications of our results for quantum control theory. Our work constitutes an important stepping stone to understanding quantum dynamics of bosonic systems in full generality.