Brain tumors are one of the most serious neurological diseases in which timely and accurate diagnosis contributes significantly to successful treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is extensively used to assess brain tumors, but manual interpretation is time consuming and clinician dependent. While deep learning techniques have made significant strides in automated tumor detection and classification, there are still challenges to address concerning interpretability, computational complexity, and trust in clinical applications. In this chapter, an explainable hybrid quantum-classical framework is introduced for brain tumor diagnosis in smart healthcare systems. The proposed framework includes deep learning models and variational quantum circuits for advancing diagnostic capabilities and enhances the transparency and clinical interpretability of these models through the integration of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods, including Grad-CAM, SHAP, and LIME. This integration can enable intelligent clinical decision support systems in the field of neuro-oncology.
Brain tumors are one of the most serious neurological diseases in which timely and accurate diagnosis contributes significantly to successful treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is extensively used to assess brain tumors, but manual interpretation is time consuming and clinician dependent. While deep learning techniques have made significant strides in automated tumor detection and classification, there are still challenges to address concerning interpretability, computational complexity, and trust in clinical applications. In this chapter, an explainable hybrid quantum-classical framework is introduced for brain tumor diagnosis in smart healthcare systems. The proposed framework includes deep learning models and variational quantum circuits for advancing diagnostic capabilities and enhances the transparency and clinical interpretability of these models through the integration of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods, including Grad-CAM, SHAP, and LIME. This integration can enable intelligent clinical decision support systems in the field of neuro-oncology.
Early and correct diagnosis plays a key role in enhancing the outcome in brain tumor and lung cancer patients. Traditional Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) models are handicapped by expensive computational costs and challenges in handling high-dimensional medical data. This research article presents a Quantum AI based Diagnostics System employing a hybrid quantum-classical computing model. The framework combines traditional feature preprocessing with the exponential power of quantum computing. For classification in brain tumors (e.g., LGGs/HGGs), the quantum core uses a Hybrid Quantum-Classical Integrated Neural Network (HQCINN) or Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC). For lung cancer prediction, the framework might employ quantum-enhanced clustering such as Quantum-Enhanced K-Medoids or optimization models such as Quantum --Genetic Binary Grey Wolf Optimizer (Q-GBGWO) with Extreme Learning Machines (ELM). This hybrid methodology is intended to achieve superior diagnostic efficacy and speed across both MRI and CT modalities, laying the groundwork for faster and more individualized clinical diagnostics.
Accurate classification of glioma grades from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for clinical decision-making in neuro-oncology. Although deep learning performance has been impressive with classical models, they struggle with high-dimensional medical imaging data and generalise poorly beyond their training data, especially in time- and resource-constrained settings. In light of the aforementioned challenges, we propose QuantumMedDx, a hybrid quantum–classical learning framework for classifying gliomas using MRI. The framework combines quantum feature encoding and variational quantum circuits with classical neural inference to improve diagnostic performance. The base model, QImageNet, uses amplitude-based quantum encoding for writing, entanglement-enabled parameterised quantum circuits (EPQCs) as feature extractors, and classical dense layers for classifying HGG and LGG from multimodal MRI slices. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on the BraTS 2021 benchmark dataset using a patient-aware 5-fold cross-validation protocol. Experimental results show that QuantumMedDx achieves accuracies of 94.12%, 93.30%, and 96.42%; F1-scores of 93.30% and 96.42%; and AUCs of 96.42% and 96.42%, respectively, outperforming conventional CNN, DNN, and SVM baselines. Ablation studies provide additional evidence of the performance improvements enabled by quantum Fourier transform and entanglement layers. Such results suggest that quantum–classical learning can efficiently improve feature extraction and discrimination in medical imaging, thus providing a modular and scalable route towards quantum–inspired clinical decision–support systems of the future.
The integration of Quantum Computing with Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents a transformative opportunity for advanced medical imaging analysis. This paper proposes an Explainable Quantum AI (XQAI) framework for radiology decision support systems, aimed at enhancing diagnostic accuracy while ensuring interpretability of results. The approach leverages quantum kernel-based feature extraction to capture complex spatial–spectral patterns in MRI, CT, and PET scans, enabling superior detection of subtle anomalies. A hybrid quantum- classical deep learning model is employed, where quantum circuits perform high-dimensional feature mapping, and classical neural networks execute classification tasks. To address the "black-box" challenge in AI-assisted diagnosis, the framework incorporates quantum explainability modules using measurement-driven saliency mapping and Shapley value–based feature attribution. This dual- layer explainability provides radiologists with both a quantum- informed feature importance ranking and a visual heatmap overlay on the medical image. Experimental evaluation on publicly available medical imaging datasets demonstrates improved detection sensitivity (7.3%) and diagnostic confidence compared to conventional deep learning approaches, while reducing model opacity. The proposed XQAI system offers a pathway towards trustworthy, high-performance, and clinically deployable quantum-assisted diagnostic tools in radiology.
Brain tumor detection from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a vital role in early diagnosis and effective treatment planning. However, conventional manual analysis and classical deep learning models often face challenges related to high computational complexity, long training time, and limited scalability when handling high-dimensional medical image data. This project presents a Quantum-Powered Vision Network for Intelligent Brain Analysis, which integrates classical image pre-processing with quantum-assisted machine learning techniques to improve classification performance. The proposed system follows a hybrid quantum–classical workflow that includes MRI image preprocessing, quantum data encoding using unary amplitude encoding, and quantum-assisted learning layers for feature extraction and classification. The model is designed to classify brain MRI images and identify tumor presence and levels efficiently. A structured methodology is implemented, and the working of the system is demonstrated through step-by-step output results. Experimental observations show that the proposed approach achieves reliable classification behavior while maintaining com-putational efficiency compared to purely classical methods. The results highlight the feasibility and potential of quantum-assisted learning techniques in medical image analysis. This project demonstrates that hybrid quantum-classical models can serve as a promising direction for future intelligent healthcare and diagnostic systems.
The characterization of brain tumors from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis. But the analysis of brain tumors based on MRI is still difficult because of the significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity, ambiguous boundaries of lesions, high dimensionality of imaging features, and complicated nonlinear relationships between anatomical structures. While transformer-based deep learning (DL) models have greatly advanced automated tumor analysis, classical feature representations often fail to effectively capture complex feature interactions in pathological images, especially when distinguishing between subtle pathological variations and normal tissue needs to be done efficiently. Recent quantum machine learning (QML) developments indicate that quantum feature encoding can map complex data to exponentially larger Hilbert spaces, leading to a more expressive representation of nonlinear patterns and feature correlations that are challenging to model with conventional architectures. Encouraged by this potential, this study proposes a hybrid quantum-classical framework, named QFormer-Brain, which combines transformer-based segmentation with quantum representation learning for automated brain tumor segmentation and classification. To segment the tumor regions, a Shifted Window UNet Transformers (Swin-UNETR) architecture is first used to capture both local anatomical details and global contextual information through hierarchical self-attention. Then, the deep semantic features of the segmented lesions are mapped to the quantum feature mapping module with angle encoding and variational quantum circuits (VQCs), which can obtain richer nonlinear feature representation by quantum superposition and entanglement mechanisms. The obtained quantum embeddings are then combined with features obtained from the transformer and classified by a Quantum Transformer Classifier. The experiments were performed on the publicly available BraTS 2021 data set using an 8-qubit variational quantum circuit, with 1024 measurement shots and readout-error mitigation, via the IBM Qiskit Aer simulator. The proposed framework achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 97.1%, Intersection-over-Union (IoU) of 95.0%, classification accuracy of 98.5%, sensitivity of 98.1%, specificity of 99.0%, and F1-score of 98.3%, outperforming U-Net, nnU-Net, ResNet50, Vision Transformer (ViT), and conventional hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based models. These results show that quantum-inspired representation learning can be efficiently integrated into transformer-based models to boost the discriminative feature extraction from complex MRI data.
Modern healthcare systems increasingly rely on artificial intelligence, deep learning, and medical imaging technologies for accurate disease diagnosis and clinical decision-making. However, conventional AI systems still face challenges related to interpretability, computational complexity, centralized data dependency, and patient privacy. This paper presents an Explainable Quantum Deep Learning Framework integrating Vision Transformers, Federated Intelligence, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence techniques for smart healthcare applications. The proposed framework combines quantum-inspired optimization, multimodal medical data analysis, transformer-based feature extraction, and decentralized federated learning to improve diagnostic accuracy, scalability, privacy preservation, and interpretability. Explainability mechanisms including SHAP and Grad-CAM are incorporated to enhance physician trust and clinical transparency. Experimental evaluation demonstrates superior performance in biomedical image classification and disease prediction compared with conventional deep learning models, providing a scalable solution for next-generation intelligent healthcare systems.