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International Journal of Computer Applications

Simulation and Analysis of DL04 and Ping-Pong Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocols Using MATLAB and Simulink

Amanullah Bashir

Published Oct 23, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) enables the direct transmission of confidential information through quantum channels without requiring prior secret-key establishment.This paper presents a simulation-based study of two representative QSDC protocols: the DL04 protocol and the Ping-Pong protocol.A MATLAB/Simulink implementation of the DL04 protocol is developed to model quantum state generation, random phase preparation, message encoding, transmission, detection, and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) evaluation under ideal channel conditions.Randomness is generated using a Binary Bernoulli Generator, providing statistically independent and reproducible bit sequences for quantum state preparation.In parallel, the Ping-Pong protocol is analyzed in MATLAB under different channel noise levels and eavesdropping scenarios using performance metrics such as fidelity, QBER, and Security Bit Error Rate (SBER).Results demonstrate the successful implementation of DL04 secuirity check with negligible QBER using binary Bernoulli generator in an ideal channel and illustrate the sensitivity of Ping-Pong communication to noise and attacks.The study provides a comparative understanding of practical single-photon and entanglement-based QSDC schemes and establishes a foundation for future experimental implementations.

DOI
10.5120/ijca04161986e6e4

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Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) enables the direct transmission of confidential information through quantum channels without requiring prior secret-key establishment.This paper presents a simulation-based study of two representative QSDC protocols: the DL04 protocol and the Ping-Pong protocol.A MATLAB/Simulink implementation of the DL04 protocol is developed to model quantum state generation, random phase preparation, message encoding, transmission, detection, and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) evaluation under ideal channel conditions.Randomness is generated using a Binary Bernoulli Generator, providing statistically independent and reproducible bit sequences for quantum state preparation.In parallel, the Ping-Pong protocol is analyzed in MATLAB under different channel noise levels and eavesdropping scenarios using performance metrics such as fidelity, QBER, and Security Bit Error Rate (SBER).Results demonstrate the successful implementation of DL04 secuirity check with negligible QBER using binary Bernoulli generator in an ideal channel and illustrate the sensitivity of Ping-Pong communication to noise and attacks.The study provides a comparative understanding of practical single-photon and entanglement-based QSDC schemes and establishes a foundation for future experimental implementations.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) transmits secret messages directly over a quantum channel without the prior distribution of a key. Here, we apply Wyner's wiretap channel theory to analyze the security of QSDC protocols. The ideal protocol is treated as the main channel, and the effect of eavesdropping is treated as the wiretap channel. Entanglement-based QSDC protocols are analyzed in detail at first. We calculated the channel capacity of the wiretap channel, and hence, the secrecy channel capacity of the protocol. The security of single-photon–based QSDC protocols is studied through the equivalence between the entanglement-based protocols and single-photon–based protocols. We present a modified version of the single-photon-based DL04 protocol, which gives a higher secrecy capacity.
In this paper an efficient quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme with authentication is presented, which is based on quantum entanglement and polarized single photons. The present protocol uses Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pairs and polarized single photons in batches. A particle of the EPR pairs is retained in the sender's station, and the other is transmitted forth and back between the sender and the receiver, similar to the ``ping–pong'' QSDC protocol. According to the shared information beforehand, these two kinds of quantum states are mixed and then transmitted via a quantum channel. The EPR pairs are used to transmit secret messages and the polarized single photons used for authentication and eavesdropping check. Consequently, because of the dual contributions of the polarized single photons, no classical information is needed. The intrinsic efficiency and total efficiency are both 1 in this scheme as almost all of the instances are useful and each EPR pair can be used to carry two bits of information.
By using six-qubit decoherence-free (DF) states as quantum carriers and decoy states, a robust quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol against decoherence noise is proposed. Four six-qubit DF states are used in the process of secret transmission, however only the |0'⟩ state is prepared. The other three six-qubit DF states can be obtained by permuting the outputs of the setup for |0'⟩. By using the |0'⟩ state as the decoy state, the detection rate and the qubit error rate reach 81.3%, and they will not change with the noise level. The stability and security are much higher than those of the ping–pong protocol both in an ideal scenario and a decoherence noise scenario. Even if the eavesdropper measures several qubits, exploiting the coherent relationship between these qubits, she can gain one bit of secret information with probability 0.042.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is capable of direct confidential communications over a quantum channel, which is achieved by dispensing with the key agreement channel of the well-known quantum key distribution (QKD). However, to make QSDC a practical reality, we have to mitigate its reliance on quantum memory, its immediate communication interruption caused by eavesdropping and its low transmission reliability due to the heavy qubit losses. Hence a new QSDC protocol is proposed based on a sophisticated coded single-photon DL04 QSDC protocol to tackle the open challenges. In particular, quantum memory is dispensed with and a high-accuracy secrecy capacity estimate is derived for this protocol by conceiving dynamic joint encryption and error-control (JEEC) coding. We demonstrate that this quantum-memory-free DL04 QSDC (QMF-DL04 QSDC) protocol inches closer to the quantum channel's capacity and significantly improves the original DL04 QSDC's robustness. Moreover, a rate-compatible low-rate JEEC coding scheme is designed for the proposed framework, and the JEEC code advocated is shown to approach the secrecy capacity, despite tolerating an extremely high loss of qubits in the time-varying wiretap channel. Our simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the QMF-DL04 QSDC scheme significantly increases both the secure information rate and the communication distance of the original DL04 protocol.
Security of the quantum secure direct communication protocol (i.e., the C-S QSDC protocol) recently proposed by Cao and Song [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 290] is analyzed in the case of considerable quantum channel noise. The eavesdropping scheme is presented, which reveals that the C-S QSDC protocol is not secure if the quantum bit error rate (QBER) caused by quantum channel noise is higher than 4.17%. Our eavesdropping scheme induces about 4.17% QBER for those check qubits. However, such QBER can be hidden in the counterpart induced by the noisy quantum channel if the eavesdropper Eve replaces the original noisy channel by an ideal one. Furthermore, if the QBER induced by quantum channel noise is lower than 4.17%, then in the eavesdropping scheme Eve still can eavesdrop part of the secret messages by safely attacking a fraction of the transmitted qubits. Finally, an improvement on the C-S QSDC protocol is put forward.
The new quantum protocol of secret sharing between two subjects, which is based on the ping-pong protocol of quantum secure direct communication, is proposed. This protocol is based on scheme of transmission of the qubits by blocks, which is well known from publications. However, in contrast to this scheme in the proposed protocol the data transmission in a random way alternates with channel check on eavesdropping. Thereby the need for periodic storage of considerable number of qubits disappears. It will let to implement the procedure of secret sharing with assisting state-of-the-art technology of quantum information science. The proposed secret sharing protocol, which also uses the earlier developed by co-author the method of enhancement of the ping-pong protocols security, provides the high level of security to the outer malefactor’s eavesdropping attack. It is the advantage of this protocol over the appropriate classical (non-quantum) schemes.