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A Simulation Framework for Entanglement Distribution Protocols in Satellite-to-Ground Quantum Networks

Shankar B B, Mahadevaswamy, B P Pradeep Kumar, Bhavaling Alias Pratima Khot, Shreevijay Ittannavar, Madhushree Y M

Published Aug 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/incect72370.2026.11742663

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A key technical requirement of any future quantum network is the ability to distribute quantum-entangled resources between two spatially separated points at a high rate and high fidelity. Entanglement distribution protocols based on satellite platforms, which transmit and receive quantum resources directly via free-space optical propagation, are therefore excellent candidates for quantum networking, since the geometry and loss characteristics of satellite networks feasibly allow for up to continental-scale (∼103\sim10^3∼103 km) over-the-horizon communication without the infrastructure, cost, or losses associated with equivalent fibre-optic networks. In this work, we explore two network topologies commonly associated with quantum networks - entanglement distribution between two satellites in low-Earth orbit mediated by a third satellite and entanglement distribution between two ground stations mediated by a satellite in low-Earth orbit, and two entanglement distribution schemes - one where the central satellite is used as a relay, and the other where the central satellite is used to generate and distribute the entangled resource directly. We compute a bound on the rate of distribution of distillable entanglement achieved by each protocol in each network topology as a function of the network channels for both single-rail discrete- (DV) and continuous-variable (CV) resources and use or non-use of probabilistic noiseless linear quantum amplification (NLA). In the case of atmospheric channels we take into account the turbulent and optical properties of the free-space propagation. We determine that for the triple-satellite network configuration, the optimal strategy is to perform a distributed NLA scheme in either CV or DV, and for the ground-satellite-ground network the optimal strategy is to distribute a DV resource via the central satellite.
The deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations is an important step toward global-scale quantum networking. However, evaluating satellite quantum network protocols under spatiotemporal orbital dynamics and quantum physical constraints remains computationally expensive and challenging. In this paper, we propose QUASAR, a lightweight simulator for evaluating entanglement distribution in satellite-based quantum networks. QUASAR provides a decoupled architecture that integrates dynamic orbital topologies, time-varying optical transmittance, and quantum memory decoherence into network- layer attributes. To demonstrate its capabilities, we abstract and implement two representative hardware architectures: Simultaneous Downlink and On-Orbit Stitching. We further introduce an Entanglement Distribution Rate (EDR)-Aware Spatiotemporal Routing (EASR) heuristic as a reference workload. Our case study examines how QUASAR supports different satellite architectures, routing workloads, realistic orbital traces, concurrent requests, and scalable event-driven execution. With over 85% lower network-layer update latency than continuous polling, QUASAR provides a practical and extensible framework for future satellite quantum network protocol evaluation.
Space-based quantum information networks require simulation tools that capture orbital dynamics, probabilistic quantum operations, and classical coordination. We introduce QNETSIM, a modular discrete-event simulator for the design and performance evaluation of satellite and hybrid space-ground quantum networks. The framework integrates orbital geometry, free-space optical and fiber channels, quantum memories, entanglement generation, and Bell-state measurements within a common event-driven architecture. Physical models account for optical loss, atmospheric turbulence, detector imperfections, finite memory capacity, and storage-induced decoherence. Space-time routing and segmented nesting support entanglement distribution across changing topologies, while a software-defined control plane coordinates generation, storage, and swapping. Configurable scenarios encompass onboard repeaters, satellite constellations, ground-based repeaters, and direct satellite distribution. Through explicit interfaces between physical models, network protocols, and orchestration, QNETSIM links component characteristics and operational policies to entanglement fidelity, throughput, latency, availability, and memory utilization, enabling systematic exploration of architectural and resource-management trade-offs in future space-based quantum information networks.